Collection: Directories and Documents > Tanis Thorne Native Californian & Nisenan Collection

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Title: Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations [DNA Analysis] Collection Type: Directories and Documents Collection Name: Tanis Thorne Native Californian & Nisenan Collection # of Pages: 32 Download PDF: User Login Required Download OCR Text: User Login Required

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42 — Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology . Vol. 26, No. 1 (2006) Bankalachi from Tulare County. Nine Numic samples were collected in the course of our investigation. Three of these were Western Mono (Monache), one was Mono from the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada (Owens Valley Paiute), and five were Kawaiisu. Two of the Kawaiisu samples descended from women from Kelso Valley, one was from a woman from the Paiute Mountaizi area, and two were from women from the vicinity of Tehachapi. Takic Samples. Takic languages are divided into two subgroups: Serran (Serrano-Vanyumé, Kitanemuk, Tataviam, Gabrielino) and Cupan (Cahuilla, Cupefio, Luisefio). Our samples included 9 lineages from Serran groups and 28 lineages from Cupan peoples. The three Kitanemuk samples came from families belonging to the Tej6n Indian community. Two Vanyumé lineages descended from women baptized at Mission San Fernando from the rancheria of Topipabit, located in the Victorville Narrows, The two Serrano lineages came from women who were affiliated with Morongo Reservation near Banning. One of these was from a family who had come from the Mission Creek area near Morongo Valley. The direct female ancestor of the remaining Serrano lineage has not been determined with certainty and conceivably could be of Cahuilla derivation instead. The two lineages included in the Gabrielino group descend from women affiliated with Mission San Gabriel and Mission San Fernando, respectively. The Gabrielino lineage is traceable through the mission records to a woman from Quinquina, San Clemente Island.’ The Fernandefio sample has not been successfully associated with a female ancestor baptized from a native rancheria, and could conceivably have descended from a Tataviam speaker? In the Cupan division, five samples are traceable to Cahuilla ancestors, using California Indian enrollment records and ethnographic information. Two matrilines were traceable to female ancestors living on the Cahuilla Reservation near Anza, and thereby are probably from the Mountain Cahuilla group; one is traceable to an ancestor at Soboba Reservation; one to an ancestor baptized at Mission San Gabriel from the Pass Cahuilla rancheria of Peatopa (Pihatapa); and the last to a Desert Cahuilla woman born near Indio, who had moved to Morongo with her Serrano husband. One of the two Cupejio samples was initially thought to be Luisefio, but when traced through San Luis Rey mission records proved ultimately to have descended from a woman from Cupa. The second descended from a well-known Cupefio family documented by Strong (1929:194). The largest number of samples obtained from descendants of speakers of any single language was seventeen obtained from Luisefio Indians. Because the original baptismal, marriage, and burial records for Mission San Luis Rey have been lost for more than a century and a half, a combination of ethnohistoric sources was used to trace the lineages of those who provided samples. The most important documents for providing data on Luisefio genealogies were the two surviving padrones (census books) of Mission San Luis Rey, the 1852 California State Census, nineteenth century parish books, BIA heirship records, and California Indian enrollment records (Johnson and Crawford 1999; Johnson and O’Neil 2001). Using these various sources, ten matrilines could be traced to source rancherfas listed in the padrones, five could be traced to late nineteenth century reservation communities, and two were of undetermined origin (Figure 3.). Most of the Luisefio samples where direct female lines could be traced were derived from groups originally located in the vicinity of Palomar Mountain (three from Cuqui, two from Toulepa, one from Temecula, one from Pimixga, and one from Aguanga). Only two matrilines descended from women who lived closer to the coast, both from the rancheria of Topome (Zopomai) on the Santa Margarita River, which was the largest of the Luisefio polities. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS The comparison of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies provides a low-resolution means of differentiating between populations of dissimilar ancestral origins. For most samples, restriction analysis had been conducted prior to sequencing to determine mitochondrial haplogroup affiliation. Much more information was obtained by analyzing sequences obtained from the principal non-coding, hypervariable segment (HVS1) of the mtDNA molecule. When two individuals possess identical HVS1 sequences, they are said to belong to the same “haplotype” and share a common ancestor within a particular haplogroup. The techniques used in sequencing for this study were those described by Lorenz and Smith (1997) and Lorenz et al. (2005). After sequences were obtained, these were checked backwards and forwards