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Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations [DNA Analysis] (32 pages)
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ARTICLE . Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations: An Analysis of California Indian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages . Johnson / Lorenz 43
N_ @ Towns with mtDNA lineages
®@ Other villages
(2) Number of mtDNA lineages
from town or reservation
Oo 2 4 8 12
ls Miles
0 2.5 5 10 15
eee Kilometers
Figure 3. Origins of mtDNA lineages from Luisefio, Cupefio, and Ipai communities.
in many subsequent trials in order to be sure the results
were accurate. In a number of instances, more than
one individual from the same matriline had provided
mtDNA samples, and so this provided a further check
on our sequences.!? Our tables for each haplogroup
report all variable nucleotide positions (np) between
np 16051 and np 16362 that deviated from the Cambridge
Reference Sequence. These variable positions thus serve
as distinctive markers to study phylogenetic relationships
among various California Indian lineages.!!
Comparative Haplogroup Frequencies
Table 2 summarizes the haplogroup frequencies observed
in individual ethnolinguistic groups with totals for the
language families and superfamilies used for broader
comparisons.!? All of our samples fell within the four
predominant haplogroups foundamong American Indians
(A,B,C,and D). There were no instances of Haplogroup X
discovered among the lineages we sampled.!? Our results
indicate that there are clear differences between three
of the principal language families present in central and
southern California in terms of haplogroup frequencies
(Figure 4). Haplogroups A and D predominate among
the Chumash, haplogroups B and D prevail among the
California Penutians, and haplogroups B and C are in
the great majority among Uto-Aztecan groups. The
California Hokan sample, heavily weighted by its Yuman
component, also has a high proportion of haplogroups B
and C. The similarity in haplogroup distribution between
Yuman and Uto-Aztecan groups appears to be the result
of extensive intermarriage between the Ipai and Luisefio,
each of which comprise a plurality of samples within their
respective groups. The most striking contrast is between
Chumashan and Uto-Aztecan peoples. Comparing
just these two groups in a 2 x 2 contingency table, the
association of A or D lineages with the Chumash and