Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations [DNA Analysis] (32 pages)

44 — Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology . Vol. 26, No. 1 (2006) Table 2 DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIA INDIAN MITOCHONDRIAL ONA LINEAGES ACCORDING TO HAPLOGROUPS Haplograup Linguistic Group A B C 0 Chumeshan Family Northern (Obispefio) 0 0 Central Purisimefia Inesefia Barbarefio Ventureito Island (Cruzefia) Chumashan Tatals (i o wo nom —3—3—3 Sooaaea Bo--co —~ — — 4 Hokan Macro-Unit Achumawi/Atsugew! Esselen Salinan Yumaa-Cochimi Family [pat Tipal Yuma Cochimi Hokan Totals wom a Lk — ed o -OO am Boose BGo-0on Socoo Penotian Macro-Unit Wintuan Family Wintu Southem Patwin Utian Family Slera Miwok Southem Costancan Yokutsan Family Nim Yokuts Buena Vista Yokuts 0 Penutian Totals (1) (15) @) (® oo _ o oo _-_ OO oOo «= a > Uto-Aztecan Family Tubatulabal 0 2 1 1 Numic Branch Kawaiisu Mono Takic Branch Gabrielino Kitanemuk Serrano/Vanyumé Cahuilla Cupefio Luisefio Ute-Aztecan Totals = == OS CO S&S oc _ — cof = AOR CO Gn OAD = Cw — Go — AO o— aoo---+-— enh anh (21) Oo Other Pacific Region Groups Coos Yurok Uncertain Tribal Ancestry noe = (— =] Sl coco All Galtfornia tadian Samples 44 40 a B or C lineages with Uto-Aztecan groups is statistically significant and relatively strong (x2 = 32.03, p < 0.001; t = 0.478). It would appear, therefore, based on the evidence of haplogroup frequencies alone, that these two groups had distinctively different population histories, This becomes even more evident in the analysis of individual sequences reported below. Haplogroup A Lineages Haplogroup A was the least common among California Indian samples in our database. A total of thirteen haplotypes were present among 17 Haplogroup A lineages (Table 3). Figure 5 illustrates how the California Indian lineages in Haplogroup A are related phylogenetically to each other in a network diagram. Most of these were of Chumashan origin. At the center of the network are found those samples recognized as the principal founding haplotype for Haplogroup A in the Americas (A0Q1 in Fig. 5), called subhaplogroup “A2” by Forster et al. (1996). Several of the Chumash haplotypes are distinctive in that they are differentiated from the presumed founding haplotype by a T— C transition at np 16093; a subset of these acquired a mutation that reversed the C> T transition at np 16111 that characterize virtually all other “A2” haplotypes in the Americas and some in northeast Asia (Schurr 2004:14; Tanaka et al. 2004:1841). Those Chumash A haplotypes with the T-> C transition at np 16093 form a branching chain (see Figure 5). According to the expectations of our model of in situ development combined with matrilocal residence, this pattern implies a stable presence of Chumashan peoples within the region over many millennia, whereby mutations resulting in new haplotypes became fixed within the population. Non-Chumash lineages among our Haplogroup A samples were distributed as follows: Salinan (3), Esselen (1), Yokuts (1), and Luisefio (1). The Esselen and one of the Salinan lineages represent the founding haplotype in Figure 5. This Salinan lineage originates from the coastal region called Lamaca in the Mission San Antonio records, which was adjacent to the Esselen. Another Salinan sample, one mutation removed from the founding haplotype, was descended from a woman baptized at Mission San Miguel who had lived in a village presumably located in the Carrizo Plain, and could well be of Chumash origin.'* The single certain Yokuts sample and the single Luisefio sample represent

44 — Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology . Vol. 26, No. 1 (2006) Table 2 DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIA INDIAN MITOCHONDRIAL ONA LINEAGES ACCORDING TO HAPLOGROUPS Haplograup Linguistic Group A B C 0 Chumeshan Family Northern (Obispefio) 0 0 Central Purisimefia Inesefia Barbarefio Ventureito Island (Cruzefia) Chumashan Tatals (i o wo nom —3—3—3 Sooaaea Bo--co —~ — — 4 Hokan Macro-Unit Achumawi/Atsugew! Esselen Salinan Yumaa-Cochimi Family [pat Tipal Yuma Cochimi Hokan Totals wom a Lk — ed o -OO am Boose BGo-0on Socoo Penotian Macro-Unit Wintuan Family Wintu Southem Patwin Utian Family Slera Miwok Southem Costancan Yokutsan Family Nim Yokuts Buena Vista Yokuts 0 Penutian Totals (1) (15) @) (® oo _ o oo _-_ OO oOo «= a > Uto-Aztecan Family Tubatulabal 0 2 1 1 Numic Branch Kawaiisu Mono Takic Branch Gabrielino

Kitanemuk Serrano/Vanyumé Cahuilla Cupefio Luisefio Ute-Aztecan Totals = == OS CO S&S oc _ — cof = AOR CO Gn OAD = Cw — Go — AO o— aoo---+-— enh anh (21) Oo Other Pacific Region Groups Coos Yurok Uncertain Tribal Ancestry noe = (— =] Sl coco All Galtfornia tadian Samples 44 40 a B or C lineages with Uto-Aztecan groups is statistically significant and relatively strong (x2 = 32.03, p < 0.001; t = 0.478). It would appear, therefore, based on the evidence of haplogroup frequencies alone, that these two groups had distinctively different population histories, This becomes even more evident in the analysis of individual sequences reported below. Haplogroup A Lineages Haplogroup A was the least common among California Indian samples in our database. A total of thirteen haplotypes were present among 17 Haplogroup A lineages (Table 3). Figure 5 illustrates how the California Indian lineages in Haplogroup A are related phylogenetically to each other in a network diagram. Most of these were of Chumashan origin. At the center of the network are found those samples recognized as the principal founding haplotype for Haplogroup A in the Americas (A0Q1 in Fig. 5), called subhaplogroup “A2” by Forster et al. (1996). Several of the Chumash haplotypes are distinctive in that they are differentiated from the presumed founding haplotype by a T— C transition at np 16093; a subset of these acquired a mutation that reversed the C> T transition at np 16111 that characterize virtually all other “A2” haplotypes in the Americas and some in northeast Asia (Schurr 2004:14; Tanaka et al. 2004:1841). Those Chumash A haplotypes with the T-> C transition at np 16093 form a branching chain (see Figure 5). According to the expectations of our model of in situ development combined with matrilocal residence, this pattern implies a stable presence of Chumashan peoples within the region over many millennia, whereby mutations resulting in new haplotypes became fixed within the population. Non-Chumash lineages among our Haplogroup A samples were distributed as follows: Salinan (3), Esselen (1), Yokuts (1), and Luisefio (1). The Esselen and one of the Salinan lineages represent the founding haplotype in Figure 5. This Salinan lineage originates from the coastal region called Lamaca in the Mission San Antonio records, which was adjacent to the Esselen. Another Salinan sample, one mutation removed from the founding haplotype, was descended from a woman baptized at Mission San Miguel who had lived in a village presumably located in the Carrizo Plain, and could well be of Chumash origin.'* The single certain Yokuts sample and the single Luisefio sample represent