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Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations [DNA Analysis] (32 pages)
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Page: of 32
46 — Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology . Vol. 26, No. 1 (2008)
ago Co A06 Chumash _
Chumash = Salinan A04 & A05 =
Chumash —S
ve
16811 16978 Chumash s SS
Y ———s
an Q A03 .
Luisefio 63 nad ——
. . Chumash
ne Salinan S95 A0o7 eS
& Esselen
1626
16189 Ba01 A0s SJ Chumash
A13
Satinan
(or Yokuts?)
A08 TERQSA
Yokuts
E-Chumashan Family 16857
Uto-Aztecan Family
WE Hokan Stock
EE] Penutian Stock Ade = @homash
Figure 5. Haplogroup A network diagram for California Indian mtDNA lineages based on HVS1 sequences.
the only Haplogroup A lineages from Yokutsan and
Uto-Aztecan groups in our database. Both Yokutsan and
Uto-Aztecan peoples are believed to have spread into
their ethnographically documented territories sometime
between about four and a half millennia to about one
and a half millennia before present (Golla, in press;
Maratto 1984). Our migration model predicts that during
this process, some lineages from the previously existing
populations would be incorporated into the incoming
groups, which were otherwise likely to be characterized
by different haplotypes. We interpret the isolated A
haplotypes found among Yokuts and Luisefio populations
to be instances of this acquisition of older lineages during
the process of population replacement.
Haplogroup B Lineages
The greatest number of lineages among our California
Indian samples was characterized by Haplogroup B,
slightly more than Haplogroup C. This in part has to
do with the large number of Uto-Aztecan samples
in our database (Table 2), which conforms to the
general predominance of haplogroups B and C among
populations in the greater Southwest (Carlyle et al. 2000;
Malhi et al. 2002, 2003; Merriwether 2002; Lorenz and
Smith 1994, 1996). Haplogroup B also had the greatest
sequence diversity of any haplogroup in our database.
A total of 24 haplotypes occur among the 42 sequences
obtained for Haplogroup B (Table 4).'5 The founding
haplotype proposed for Haplogroup B among North
American Indian populations (Forster et al. 1996) is
represented by two samples, each from groups that spoke
languages within the proposed Penutian superfamily:
Patwin and Sierra Miwok (Haplotype B03 in Figure 6).
This founding haplotype is more prevalent elsewhere in
the Americas (Malhi et al. 2002). Our two Wintu samples
each represent a haplotype one mutational step removed
from the founding lineage (Haplotypes B05 and B15 in
Figure 6). One of these exhibits an HVS1 sequence that