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Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations [DNA Analysis] (32 pages)
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Page: of 32
48 Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology . Vol. 26, No. 1 (2006)
B21
Tubatulabal 7
Luisefio,
die Cahuilla p45
B04 & B12 (»
Yokuts a
Yokuts & B07
Unidentified
Bog
Yokuts
16092
Wintu
B23
Cahuilla
BOo8
Tubatulabal
(eo IQ
16278 Unidentified
Ipai gig California
6197 Indian
Yuma
Uto-Aztecan Family
8] Penutian Stock
BB Hokan Stock
HB Unidentified
Figure 6. Haplogroup B network diagram for California Indian mtDNA lineages based on HVS1 sequences.
is shared with the single Achumawi/Atsugewi lineage
represented in our sample, illustrating some degree
of intermarriage among Northern California groups
belonging to different linguistic phyla.
Twelve Haplogroup B samples distributed in six
haplotypes share a unique mutation that resulted in
a transposition of two nucleotides within the “polyC” region. Instead of an A at np 16183 and a C at
np 16184, these two nucleotides reversed position so
they contain an A> C transversion at np 16183 and a
CA transversion at np 16184 (Table 4). Haplotype
B06 contains only this transposition to distinguish it
from the founding haplotype B03. Five other haplotypes
branch from B06, each containing one or two subsequent
mutations (Figure 6). This star-like pattern is commonly
associated elsewhere in the world with migration events
in prehistory. All of the sequences containing the np
16183/16184 transposition are from Yokuts lineages or
their immediate neighbors (Salinan, Sierra Miwok, and
Western Mono), and so the resultant star-like pattern is
consistent with the hypothesized Yokutsan expansion
within the San Joaquin Valley region and adjacent Sierra
Nevada foothills. The shared presence of the colonizing
haplotype (B06 in Figure 6) among Yokuts, Sierra Miwok,
and Salinan lineages probably derives from intermarriage
between the Yokuts and their neighbors.
The non-Penutian portions of our Haplogroup
B lineages are all associated with Uto-Aztecan and
Yuman groups. It is probably significant that there is no
overlap at all between the haplotypes represented by
California Penutians and those present among California
Uto-Aztecan (and Yuman) groups, implying separate
population histories in geographically separated regions.
It is difficult to discern phylogenetic patterns associated
with particular Uto-Aztecan or Yuman subgroups
because of the reticulations previously mentioned and
because of past intermarriage between these groups,
who all practiced patrilocal residence. Nonetheless,