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Title: Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations [DNA Analysis] Collection Type: Directories and Documents Collection Name: Tanis Thorne Native Californian & Nisenan Collection # of Pages: 32 Download PDF: User Login Required Download OCR Text: User Login Required

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ARTICLE . Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations: An Analysis of California Indian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages . Johnson / Lorenz 49 there are certain preliminary observations that can be made. Although the frequently mutating np 16111 makes discernment of phylogenetic relationships problematic, it’ is perhaps not coincidental that the three B haplotypes found among the Yuman lineages in our database all appear on the same branch among those containing this mutation (Figure 6).!® Also, there are suggestive indications of at least one unique lineage among the linguistically and geographically isolated Tubatulabal, one which is characterized by four mutations that distinguish it from the founding B haplotype. Although the np 16111 mutational “hot spot” somewhat obscures its phylogenetic position in Figure 6, this Tubatulabal lineage is most likely related to a Desert Cahuilla lineage with which it shares two markers (a T> C transition at np 16092 and a C>T transition at np 16147).!” This provides a modicum of support for the notion, based on linguistic studies (Golla 2000b), that the Tubatulabal group was descended from a common Takic/Tubatulabal ancestral population ' Four of the six Numic samples in Table 4, three Kawaiisu and two Western Mono, are on a distinctive branch of their own, containing three haplotypes. Indeed, there is greater differentiation between these particular Numic lineages than an examination of their HVS1 sequence alone suggests. All three diverge from other Haplogroup B samples by not exhibiting the defining 9base pair deletion, even though they otherwise possess the distinguishing markers for Haplogroup B in their HVS1 sequences. These samples were initially categorized as “other” in our restriction enzyme analysis, which was unexpected because of the unquestioned Native American pedigree of those who provided the samples to us. Subsequent examination of the HVS1 sequences for these individuals revealed their Haplogroup B affiliation. Haplogroup C Lineages Haplogroup C comes a close second to Haplogroup B in terms of its large proportion and diversity of lineages within our database. Table 5 lists these 38 sequences, and Figure 7 illustrates the phylogenetic distribution of the 20 haplotypes identified within our California Indian database. The long-recognized founding haplotype for Haplogroup C is clearly apparent at the center of the diagram in Figure 7 (Haplotype C02); it occurred among the Luisefio and Kawaiisu, as well as in two Southern California Indian lineages of uncertain origin. One of the interesting patterns revealed by the network diagram is the widespread phylogenetic relationships revealed between neighboring Luisefio and Ipai populations, even though they belonged to separate language families. All five Ipai samples in Haplogroup C occur on three separate “branches” that include either a shared haplotype with their Luisefio neighbors or are one mutational step differentiated from them. This pattern is predictable based on the documented intermarriage between these groups and the long prehistory of Uto-Aztecan and Yuman populations that were adjacent to one another in the Greater Southwest. Linguistic evidence of phonological convergence between Takic and Yuman groups is entirely consistent with the genetic data (Hinton 1991). Two of the western Takic groups, the Kitanemuk and the Vanyumé (Desert Serrano), have unique haplotypes that warrant comment. One of the Kitanemuk sequences (Haplotype C19) shares the TC transitions at np 16189 and np 16311 that also have been identified among Northern Paiute populations in the Great Basin (Kaestle and Smith 2001; Malhi et al. 2003, 2004), suggesting a past interaction or shared history with Numic peoples, who lived to the northeast of the Tehachapi Mountains where the Kitanemuk homeland was located. The single Vanyumé sample (Haplotyped C10), with four mutations not shared with any other Haplogroup C lineage, is quite unusual. Two different individuals belonging to the same matriline participated in our study in order to doublecheck this distinctive pattern, and both sequences were identical. The earliest female ancestor of this lineage was a woman baptized at Mission San Fernando, who had been born about 1750 in the village of Topipabit, located along the Mojave River near the Victorville Narrows. Most recently, mtDNA samples obtained from the teeth of two Late Period burials from a prehistoric cemetery near Palmdale have yielded precisely the same HVS1 sequence, demonstrating that this lineage has a prehistoric presence in the Western Mojave Desert region (Kemp, Eshleman, and Malhi 2005).!8 Its unique phylogenetic position within Haplogroup C may suggest a greater antiquity for this haplotype (C10) in the desert region, perhaps predating the arrival of Uto-Aztecan populations. Although Haplogroup C lineages were overwhelmingly a Uto-Aztecan and Yuman-Cochimi phenomenon among our samples, a few Haplogroup C haplotypes