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Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations [DNA Analysis] (32 pages)
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Page: of 32
ARTICLE . Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations: An Analysis of California Indian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages . Johnson / Lorenz 53
Yokuts
bog
Salinan
Costanoan
p06
Vanyumé
Yokuts, Mono,
Tubatulabal, pipe
Gabrielino, GY
Chumash LF
Kitanemuk
& Kawaiisu p05
Cahuilla
Miwok &
Unidentified
California Indian
en Chumash
162
Es Chumashan Family
YA Uto-Aztecan Family
FE] Penutian Stock
HB Hokan Stock
HH Unidentified
DO4
Chumash
Figure 8. Haplogroup D network diagram for California Indian mtDNA lineages based on HVS1 sequences.
from the previously recognized founding haplotype
by possessing transitions A> G at np 16241, C>T at
np 16301, and T> C at np 16342, as well as lacking the
T> C transition at np 16325 (Table 6). A closely related
haplotype had previously been discovered by Rickards
and her colleagues (1999) among the Cayapa Indians of
coastal Ecuador; it was proposed by these researchers that
it represented an additional founding haplotype among
American Indians. A sequence identical to that occurring
among the Chumash was recently discovered by Kemp
from an mtDNA sample obtained from a human tooth
from an Early Holocene burial excavated by James Dixon
in On Your Knees Cave (Dixon 1999:117-119; Kemp
et al. in press). This finding supports the identification of
this haplotype as being another founding lineage for the
Americas. Other closely related lineages have now been
identified among Mexican populations, the Mapuche
Indians of southern Chile, and prehistoric peoples of
Tierra del Fuego, among others (Kemp et al. in press).
DISCUSSION
Mitochondrial DNA lineages are useful for phylogenetic
studies because they descend only from a single parent,
one’s mother, and therefore can be compared to each
other to determine the closeness of genetic ancestry. The
simple branching diagram or “cladogram” that can be
used to graph mtDNA phylogenies is not necessarily a
good model to depict the real world of how language
change occurs or how different peoples come together
to form descendant groups (Moore 1994). Nonetheless,
when insights derived from linguistic prehistory and
archaeology are used in conjunction with genetic
analyses, a new synthesis becomes possible regarding
past processes that resulted in changes in population
composition and ethnogenesis. Earlier in this paper,
we proposed that distinctively different genetic and
linguistic patterns would result from different types of
population interactions associated with migration events
in prehistory. Our interpretations of the results of the