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Title: Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations [DNA Analysis] Collection Type: Directories and Documents Collection Name: Tanis Thorne Native Californian & Nisenan Collection # of Pages: 32 Download PDF: User Login Required Download OCR Text: User Login Required

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ARTICLE . Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations: An Analysis of Catifernia Indian Mitochondrial ONA Lineages . Johnsen / Lorenz 57 16 The C-T transition at 16111 causes reticulation in the network diagram in Figure 6. This nucleotide position appears to be something of a “hot spot” in the mitochondrial genome, with evidence of having undergone mutation within Haplogroup A also, among our California samples. The TC transition at np 16092 also appears in an Opata sample and two Hispanic lineages, also typed to Haplogroup B, in our larger database of Mexican American populations (to be reported elsewhere). It has also been reported for a sample collected in Chihuahua (Green, Derr, and Knight 2000). So the origin of this mutation may predate the entry of Uto-Aztecan peoples into California. The C> T transition at 16147, however, appears only among our samples from California. 18See Eshleman and Smith (in press) for additional examples of shared lineages between modem individuals and prehistoric burials elsewhere in California. 191 acking California evidence, Oppenheimer (2003:304) has opined that Paleoindian populations belonging to mitochondrial Haplogroup B may have expanded southward in an early migration along the Pacific coast. The data reported in our study, however, suggest that the earliest peoples more likely would have belonged to mitochondrial DNA haplogroups A and D. 20See Dixon (1999:34—43) for a model of the different stages of colonization of the Americas, spreading out from an initial coastal zone of occupation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors especially thank David Glenn Smith for his support and encouragement pursuing this research and bringing this project to fruition. This study has benefited from discussions pertaining to linguistic and genetic prehistory with C. Melvin Aikens, Thomas Blackburn, Bernard Comrie, Phillip Endicott, Jason Eshleman, Stuart Fiedel, Michael Glassow, Victor Golla, Brian Kemp, Kathryn Klar, Ripan Malhi, Sally McLendon, Randall Milliken, Marianne Mithun, Amiee Potter, Theodore Schurr, Phillip Walker, and Kenneth Whistler, among others. A number of people have assisted us with making contact with California Indian descendants who have participated in our study, including Gary Breschini, Shelly Davis-King, Doreen Dishman, Cindy Ehlers, Janet Eidsness, Marta Mantzouranis, Jeff Norman, Steve O’Neil, Sheila Ruiz Harrell, and Tanis Thorne. Dan Reeves prepared Figure 1 and earlier drafts of figures 2 and 3 accompanying this paper, and Daniel Johnson assisted with creating figures 5-8. Terry Jones arranged for Brian Codding to prepare the final versions of figures 2 and 3, for which we are grateful. Jan Timbrook, Linda Agren, and Ray Corbett of the anthropology staff at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, and Ra Thea, a UCSB student intern, helped with the logistics of collecting, storing, and shipping DNA samples. Andrea Vosbikian and Whitney Jackson assisted with lab work at Coriell Institute for Medical Research. Finally, we would be remiss if we did not thank and acknowledge the many California Indian descendants who willingly participated in our research and who directed us to others who also have been included. It goes without saying that this study could not have been conducted without them. REFERENCES Baillet, Graciela, Francisco Rothhammer, Francisco R. Carnese, Claudio M. Bravi, and Néstor O. Bianchi 1994 Founder Mitochondrial Haplotypes in Amerindian Populations. American Journal of Human Genetics 5427-33. Bakker, Peter 2000 Rapid Language Change: Creolization, Intertwining, Convergence. In Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, Colin Renfrew, April McMahon, and Larry Trask, eds., pp. 585-620. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Bean, Lowell J. 1978 Social Organization. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8: California, Robert F. Heizer, ed., pp. 673 —682. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Bellwood, Peter, and Colin Renfrew (editors) 2002 Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Bettinger, Robert L., and Martin A. Baumhoff 1982 The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Competition. American Antiquity 47:485-503. Breschini, Gary S. 1983 Models of Population Movements in Central California Prehistory. Salinas: Coyote Press. Bright, William, and Marcia Bright 1976 Archaeology and Linguistics in Prehistoric Southern California. In Variation and Change in Language: Essays by William Bright, Anwar S. Dil, ed., pp. 189-205. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Burton, Michael L., Carmella C. Moore, and A. Kimball Romney n.d. Language Families and Social Structure. Unpublished manuscript. Carlyle, Shawn W., Ryan L. Parr, M. Geoffrey Hayes, and Dennis H. O’Rourke 2000 Context of Maternal Lineages in the Greater Southwest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113:85-101. Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca 2000 Genes, Peoples, and Languages. New York: North Point Press. Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca, Paola Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza 1994 The History and Geography of Human Genes. Abridged edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.