Volume 12 (1866) (428 pages)

The lining and Scientifi PIILOSONHY OF COMUUSTION AND OF BREATHING. If o candle hasbeen allowed to burn natil it fins 2 long snuff, on blowing it out with u sul. den puff, a long, bright wreuth of white smoky is ulserved to curl up from the hot wick ; nuw if.u lighted mutel is brought in contuct with this emeke, evenuto distance of two or three inches trom the candle, the flains will suddvuly run dowa the smoke nod rekiudlo the wick in a very prety ond fantastic mmoner. We hive often, in ottr bayhood duys, performed this Jittla experinent, and been nue oniird thereat, und udded to the mnsement of others i doing sv. ‘lo bo donu nicely, there must be nu dvors open, 80 us to cuuse a current of trin the room, neither should there be uny ustling thot, neur the cundle for the sane Probably some of cur young reitlers by renson. who have tiever heard it explnined, wouid like to underctund the philosophy of this little experiment. ‘Lhe flame of a cnndle, oa close examination, will be tound to consist of three distinet purts r cunes, the innermost ono uf whictl is quite dark , the next onter ouo being very luminous, while the third, or outerniost our is darker thin the middle ane, though uot qnite so dark ng that in the center. Now this center cone is mutle up of the very smoke which you see curling away, nfter tlie eundle is hluwn ont. It consists of the gus, which the heut evolves from tho tallow or wax of the candle. ‘This gas enunet burn until it gets farenongh away fron the wick to become mixed with tbe oxygeo of tho atmosphere. It consists of hydrogen and earbon; the hydrogen is mostly consumed in the aniddle or miost luminons part of the flame; the carbon, requiring a larger ninount of oxygen for combustion, is net consumed until it reaches the ontside ol the fame, where it lins Itee access * to the air, and then burns with less intensity, and of course produces tbe less laminous thoueli hottest part of the fame, which is observerl ou the outside. When no large quantity ol’ carbon is liberated by this inner Aauie, to be burned upon the outside, {lie candle or lump sinokes. ‘he smoke then given off is composed chietly of very fine particles of carbon or coal, so fine that they float in the aturosphere, and form smoke. ‘This smake is black, und you cannot light it with the flame of a mutch, as you did the white smoke, which came fron the extinguished wick. ‘That white or light colored sinvke wis chiefly hydrogen, which is colorless, and contained just enough carbon to make it a little dark, When you light a kerosene lamp it smokes, because the hydrogen given off burns wore rajidly than the carfion. Now, to make the carbon burn as rapidly as the hydrogen, you Must put the chimncy on to create a greuter ditt, nud thereby bring a sufficient quantity of oxygen in contact with the flame to burn the carbon, and then you have uo smoke. Now, notiee another singular circumstance which oeenrs when you put the chimney on the lamp. You will see that it is almost instantuneously covered with tiny drops of water. Now some of our young readers way think this moisture is condensed trom the atmosphere, as you will sometimes observe it on the panes of glass in the wiudow, or on a pitcher of cold wuter when placed upon the table in a hot day. But it is not so. ‘here is a very pretty little experiment jferformed by this act of lighting 1 kerosene lamp. You know tht water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, mixed in certain debnite proportions. w, you have hydroven and carbon in your oil ; yon light your lamp, and the hydrogen of your oil is separated Irom the carbon by the heat you apply; the hydrogen unites with a Certain portion of the oxygen ol the atmosphere, und you then have hydrogen and oxygen in the exact proportion to form water—in tact, you do form walter, and that is tbe water which is deposited on the inner side of your lamp Chimuvy. It remains there until the glass becanes sulliciently hot to convert it into steam, -whien it pusses off. Now, if your chimney was long enough to curry the products of your flame far enongh to cool them, you would find water consiantly trickling Irom your lamp chimuey. What becoines of the carbon, did you gay ? By putting on the chimney. and creating the extru dratt we have spoken off, you bring suffisient oxygen in contact with tle carbon to consume tt—or. in other words, to unite every portion of it with tbe oxyveu which the bydrogen has left—and this union produces carbonic acidyas, which is invisible, and very destructive to life. No animal exun tive in ao atmospbere containing any large quantily of that gis. This gas is always produced where anything is bnrning. It is also produced iu the act of bresthing. We inhale atmospherie air, which, while in the lungs, sudiienly undergoes a chemies] change that converts a tarve portion of it into carbonic ucid gas, in which condition itis exhaled. lence tbe necessity of baving all rooins in which a fire is burning, or a namber of people are breathing, well ventilated. Rexanas. cd by Iron wacd by fron. “JOLT AY Buysodines IP JO 29810,1 very permancn . “atpopsr “day4 stuyronp “UG Ht Lag “Vag) Juponp Nay Jo Jomod “SUT “18,4, 30 vasi0g red heat AUN AMOO NK “SFA ‘Ng je dussoQ, p Sip og cog Bet ZS ie ese PE Lor —isd bes Ps 22 = 2,282 degrees. . brittle—soft 6U.000} 00. “youl osunhs tod 4] ny AHN, -ve-Jred bext../mni sq] UF oO] 2bs dod uysosdinos 6) dau IS }saIF 430138, 000 *sq] U] 200) 31 Nav JO PAA AL 443/92, 001 “say Np any ayq 13810 MAO PROPERTIES OF BODIES. “AY JATIN opiaads y deg] 7.18 }.26 “eau “pav][ Jo doadoq a ‘quapvamb ay spoqurég : = s 3 “1010, e n © ey e = @ = oS < a To have a pure atmosphere, we must get rid of this carbonic neid gas as fast as it is formed It is the combination of the oxygen of the atmo-phere with the ec:urbon contained in the wood that produces the heat of the fire ; there is a little hydroyen with the carbon to help it along, as we have already said. Now it is just the same thing—the combination of oxygen with carbou, tbat keeps up the heat of tle body. We eat food, whirh consists chiefly of carbon; that food, or carbon, after beiny properly divested, is mainly taken np by the peculiar mechanism of the system, and goes to form bone, and fat, and mnscle. Such parts of it as are Bot needed are passed olf by various meaus—a portion passing into the blood gives it that black appearance, whieh forms such a marked difference between arterial and venous blood. ‘I'his venous blood thus overcharged witb carbon, is conducted into the luogs, where by an innumerable number of little cells, it is made to come in close contact with the atmosphere which we also draw into the lungs, to the act of breathing. While the air is thus iv close contact with. the bloud, separated only by a partition much thioner than the sheet of paper which yuu are reading, a cheinical action takes place, by which the oxygen is made to take away tlie blacklooking carbou from the blood ; and whea we throw out our breath we also tbrow out this carbon, in the form of carbonic acid. that is, carbon and oxygen united, the same way as it is when the carbon and oxygen is united in burning a candle or lamp, or a piece of coal or wood. It is this chemical action which is constantly going on in our aystems, and partic larly in the luays, which keeps up the heat of our bodies, precisely us the heat of the fire is kept up. ‘fbe difference is only tn degree, that is, iv proportion to the amount of carbon and oxygen which is brought into sueb intimate contact as to form a chemical union, aud produce carbonic acid, When you lean over your desks, or whenever you place your bodies iu a stooping posture, you compress your lungs, so that yon cannot take in sufficient air to furnish tbe oxygen required for taking away the earbon front the blood, and thus rendering it fit to sustain life ; henee the blood remains bad, moves slowly through your veins,,aud the delicate little air cells of the lungs become irritated and inflamed. then a congh comes on, and finally tbe walls of tbe cells ulcerate and give way. Now, boys and girls sit upright and stand up straight, so as to give the Innysjlenty if fresh air at every breath, aud you will vever Le in danger of eonsnmption. Give your lungs a pleaty of fresh air. and study will uever hurt you, and you will find your heads all the clearer for it; also, you will be able to get yonr lessons easier. ‘I'he warm blood will go coursing freely through your veins, imparting health and activity to your limbs, aud redness to your cheeks. The girls will find this same oxygen, of which Tam talking. the best artist in tbe world to paint their cheeks. {t never nukes a mistake in the color; and if you let it have free access to yonr cheeks and lungs, it puts the colour on so stroug that you canuot wash it off.” Scuoozs in Esurratpa.—We notice that the citizens of Aurora, Esmeralda county, one of the outposts of civilization on the Pacific coast, are taking an ioterest io their schinols. and the cause of education generally They have a flourishing Lyceum and Librury Assuciation, before which lectures are frequently delivered. We natice thnt our old friend, R. A. Ricker, Esq., one of the most enthu iastic and successin! teachers on the const, bas a flourishing school in Anrora. Mr. R. reeently . delivered a lecture before the Lyceum, which is hiphly spokeo of. His subject was ‘‘ Amerfeat education.” * Exxecrroryre Curs, Excravincs, Etc.—Our Job Printing ofiico is abundantly supplied with clegant engravings, orhaments, and other emliclishmanls to suit tha various brauciics of industry iu this State. MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS PATENT ACENCY. For the Pacific Coast. Orrice or THR Minixo axp Sctestiric Press—No. 605 Clay sireel, corner of Sunsome, San Franclsno, Information for Inventors! Incenfors on thts coast hating thetr applications for patents made ext through our Agency can sign their papers at ance, amt thua eccure their rights ut least three montha enmer than by trastiug the wame to distant ogeneter, situated in New York or Washington. The first question that presenia Itself to the Invent: or, Who desires to procure nm patent, la: “Can lobtuin a patent?" A po@tve mnswer to hls hails ohly tube had y presenti: alormal appliicution fora pulenl to the Govern= mentetmbhraclus a petition, 1 lon, model, lea drawliss, amd the payment of the prescribed oficial lees. Aside from these «teps, nll the Invenior ean dn Ie, to abil dls plans to persims experienced In the Malnes of ubtnining ralents, and saileit their opinion and mlvice, I ihe parties jansnitel are honoruble men, the inyventur may sutely eonude hia leas to them, aml they will inform {itn whether or eat bis Invention Is probably patentable, Those who have made Invei‘ons mud desire to consult with us respecting the same, ure curdintiy Invite to do so. We shinll be happy to see them In pore atour office, or to advise Them by inail, or throng the Mixing axn Suientiria Uress, In all cases ¥ may expeet trom us an honeat opinion. For these consnlttions, oplulon and advice, we make ho charge. A pen-and-ink sketch, and dcseription of the Invenilonslould besent together with aslamp for return palit Write plain; do not uso pencil or pute Ink; be rel. 5 Rememher thal all business committed to onr care, and all Ges NCU are kept by us seeret, and strictly confidenthal, Caveats. A Caveat Is a confidential communication made to the Palent Office, and la therefore Med wiililn Is secret archly es. The privilege secured under a caveat Is, that it entitles the enveator to recelve nniiee, for a period ot one yeur, of an pnp lica lon lor a patent subsequently Med, and which !s adjudged to be novel, und Is Ilkely to Interfere with the In¥entlon deserihed fu the enveal, and ihe ca¥cator Is ihen required ta emnplete hls applicallon for a palent within threa mantha trom Ihe date of suhl uolice. Caveat papers should be very WR Ue Lh he Our fee for the service yarics Irom $1010 $20, The Government fee under the new law Ia reduced to Jen dellura; and this sim does not apply, aa heretofore, as part of tho lee on presentlig an appheation tor a patent. Inventors will otttimes flnd It very Important to taka advantage of the caveat system—Ihe expense under the law belng comparatively small. To enable us to preparo caveat paper, wo only requlra a sketeh and deseription of tha Invention, no mode! belng necessary, Expense of Applying for a Patent, Rejections, eto. Under the new law, the Government fee, on filing an ne plreation ror a patent, ls Afteon dollars ; and tf the patent ia allowed, twenty dollars additional Is required. If rejected, the first fee of Hfteen dollars 1s all thal is demanded. EngYish, French, Ausirlan, Prussian Spunish, and inventors of every natlonallty, may now obtaln patents in the United Slates upon the snme Jerms as our own eltizens. The only diserlmination made Is agains! subjects of government that diseriminate agalust the Inhabitants of the Unlied States. To the foregolug officlal ces must be added the Altorney'a fees for preparlng the varlous documents and drawlngs. Our ehargo for preparing a ease, preseniing fllo the Gov ernment, and attetidlug to all business connected wilh It, until a decision Is given, Istrom $20 to$i0. If tbe paten) ia yrantted no further agency expenses ensues. If the appitcation Is reiected we cause thorough luvestlzatlon to be made Into the reasons presented to the Commissioner for refusing the patent. In making Ihls examination, our WashIngton agent has access lo all tho drawings, models, books and specifieations elted In referenca, and we report tho rosult as carly as possible to our cellent. If the rejection proves to be an unjust one—which someumes happens—It ean generally be reversed, and the pate ent obtained by conlestiig thecase. Forthis proseeution we eharge a fee proportionate lo the extra labor involved, payahle oy on the Issue ofthe pateut ; but our demand will ba reasonable and satisfactory to our elleints, and will bo arranged heforehund by special xgreement. The system adopted by us works well, fixes general sallsfaction and presciits to al) applicants, rich or poor, an equal concetunlts: of having thelr patent cases prepared, eondueted aud prosecuted In the bes] manner, by experienced ats torney’s, ujion the mos] modernie terms. Invenlors who have rejected cases, prepared elther by themselves, or for them by other agents, and deslre to aseerlaln thelr prospects of'success by rurther efforts, are Invited to avall therselves of onr unequalled facillties In securing tavarnble rasults. We have been sucecssful In securing Letters Patent in many cases of sucha matter. Ourteruis fo such casea aro very moderate. Models, Remittances, ete, The law requires that lhe Invenlor shall, In all eases, furnish amodel, which must et excecd twelve Inches In an of ils dimentions: it should be neutly mado, of hard woot or metal, or boll, varnished or peuted ithe name of the nvyentor should be engraved or pamted on I couspicuoualy. When the Invention conslsis of 10 linprovement on some known machine. a full workin mode! of the whole will not be necessary. It should be sufficiently perfeet, liowever, to show, with clearness, the nature and Operation of tha Invention. As soon as the made! ls realy, It should be enrefully boxed and shipped by express or othurwise, Jo our address, namays Dewry & Co, Mining and Selentitie Press, No. 505 Clay Street, corner of Sansome, San Franclaco, Cal. Pra. ay expenses nnd send express recelpt to 18 by mall. Imultangously with the mudel, the Inventor should send us the tirst Installment of the Government fee, fittesn dollars. The money may he forwarded elther by oxpress with the model, or by nai! The safest way to rem! {5 by dratt on San Franelseo, payable to onr order. Always send a lot. Ster w th the model, aud also the remittance stating Ihe nante and adilress of Ihe seme A Yuli description shoald ohe sent with the model, em: badying all the ideas of the iuventor respeetlng the improvement. On the receipt of the modol and Oovernment fee, tho case Is duly registered upon nur bouks, and the applieallon Proeeeded with ua: as possible. When the doevmenta arc ready we send them tothe Invenior by mail, for his examInation, signature and allidavit, with a letter of Insiruetion, ete. Ourfeo for prem aTue the ense Is then due and will bee: itor, The ease will lhen be preseuted to tha Paten! Oce, and as soon us the patent ts omlered to be Is. sued the Governenent fee, nuinely, tweuty dollars, Inventors who do business wilh us will bo notsfed of tha alnte of thelr applicalion in the Patent Ottice, when if ispos sible for us to dose. We ilo not require the personal attend: ance of Lhe inventor, unless !t 1s one of great complication; Whe bushi ¢ well doue by correspondence, When t! rentlon consisis ot a new urticla of manufac. ture, of a new compos samples of the peperaie lngredlents, suffielent teimnke the experlinent, and alsoof tha manulnctnred arilele fiself must be furnished. The average time required to procure a jiateni, when the case {+ conducted at onr aseney, ts three manths. We frequently gel them through In tess tlie; bul in athet cases, owlng to delay on the part of olliclats, the perlud is vomotimes extended to four or five months, and even more, Wa make a speeial polnt to forward our cases as rapldly as posslble. Patent Office Fees, and How Payable. Nearly all the fees payable lo the Patent Otfleo are posltlyely required by Jaw lo be pald !n advanco, The followlug is the Oovernment tarl{f of fees established by law: Onevery On every a On every ap for a design, for 3 y'rs and 6 mos. plicallon tor a design, for seven ycars. lication lor a desizn, for rourtcen years lon for a palent, for seventeeu years. caveat, f@ each orisiial patent a disclalmer... e On every 3 On the grant of every oxtenslon . On appeal to the Commissioner from Oa every appeal to the Judges of Clreull Court, 0. € We have had suecessiul experlence In condncting these appeais and our serviecs are rendered on moderate terme, N. B.—We make ou! our own forms for applications, ete., and would respeetiully Incorm all parties that we have no prinied blank foruis for salo. DEWEY & CO., Agents, Mining and Sejentifie Preas Offica, No, 505 Clay streat, cor ner of Sansome, San Francisco.

The lining and Scientifi PIILOSONHY OF COMUUSTION AND OF BREATHING. If o candle hasbeen allowed to burn natil it fins 2 long snuff, on blowing it out with u sul. den puff, a long, bright wreuth of white smoky is ulserved to curl up from the hot wick ; nuw if.u lighted mutel is brought in contuct with this emeke, evenuto distance of two or three inches trom the candle, the flains will suddvuly run dowa the smoke nod rekiudlo the wick in a very prety ond fantastic mmoner. We hive often, in ottr bayhood duys, performed this Jittla experinent, and been nue oniird thereat, und udded to the mnsement of others i doing sv. ‘lo bo donu nicely, there must be nu dvors open, 80 us to cuuse a current of trin the room, neither should there be uny ustling thot, neur the cundle for the sane Probably some of cur young reitlers by renson. who have tiever heard it explnined, wouid like to underctund the philosophy of this little experiment. ‘Lhe flame of a cnndle, oa close examination, will be tound to consist of three distinet purts r cunes, the innermost ono uf whictl is quite dark , the next onter ouo being very luminous, while the third, or outerniost our is darker thin the middle ane, though uot qnite so dark ng that in the center. Now this center cone is mutle up of the very smoke which you see curling away, nfter tlie eundle is hluwn ont. It consists of the gus, which the heut evolves from tho tallow or wax of the candle. ‘This gas enunet burn until it gets farenongh away fron the wick to become mixed with tbe oxygeo of tho atmosphere. It consists of hydrogen and earbon; the hydrogen is mostly consumed in the aniddle or miost luminons part of the flame; the carbon, requiring a larger ninount of oxygen for combustion, is net consumed until it reaches the ontside ol the fame, where it lins Itee access * to the air, and then burns with less intensity, and of course produces tbe less laminous thoueli hottest part of the fame, which is observerl ou the outside. When no large quantity ol’ carbon is liberated by this inner Aauie, to be burned upon the outside, {lie candle or lump sinokes. ‘he smoke then given off is composed chietly of very fine particles of carbon or coal, so fine that they float in the aturosphere, and form smoke. ‘This smake is black, und you cannot light it with the flame of a mutch, as you did the white smoke, which came fron the extinguished wick. ‘That white or light colored sinvke wis chiefly hydrogen, which is colorless, and contained just enough carbon to make it a little dark, When you light a kerosene lamp it smokes, because the hydrogen given off burns wore rajidly than the carfion. Now, to make the carbon burn as rapidly as the hydrogen, you Must put the chimncy on to create a greuter ditt, nud thereby bring a sufficient quantity of oxygen in contact with the flame to burn the carbon, and then you have uo smoke. Now, notiee another singular circumstance which oeenrs when you put the chimney on the lamp. You will see that it is almost instantuneously covered with tiny drops of water. Now some of our young readers way think this moisture is condensed trom the atmosphere, as you will sometimes observe it on the panes of glass in the wiudow, or on a pitcher of cold wuter when placed upon the table in a hot day. But it is not so. ‘here is a very pretty little experiment jferformed by this act of lighting 1 kerosene lamp. You know tht water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, mixed in certain debnite proportions. w, you have hydroven and carbon in your oil ; yon light your lamp, and the hydrogen of your oil is separated Irom the carbon by the heat you apply; the hydrogen unites with a Certain portion of the oxygen ol the atmosphere, und you then have hydrogen and oxygen in the exact proportion to form water—in tact, you do form walter, and that is tbe water which is deposited on the inner side of your lamp Chimuvy. It remains there until the glass becanes sulliciently hot to convert it into steam, -whien it pusses off. Now, if your chimney was long enough to curry the products of your flame far enongh to cool them, you would find water consiantly trickling Irom your lamp chimuey. What becoines of the carbon, did you gay ? By putting on the chimney. and creating the extru dratt we have spoken off, you bring suffisient oxygen in contact with tle carbon to consume tt—or. in other words, to unite every portion of it with tbe oxyveu which the bydrogen has left—and this union produces carbonic acidyas, which is invisible, and very destructive to life. No animal exun tive in ao atmospbere containing any large quantily of that gis. This gas is always produced where anything is bnrning. It is also produced iu the act of bresthing. We inhale atmospherie air, which, while in the lungs, sudiienly undergoes a chemies] change that converts a tarve portion of it into carbonic ucid gas, in which condition itis exhaled. lence tbe necessity of baving all rooins in which a fire is burning, or a namber of people are breathing, well ventilated. Rexanas. cd by Iron wacd by fron. “JOLT AY Buysodines IP JO 29810,1 very permancn . “atpopsr “day4 stuyronp “UG Ht Lag “Vag) Juponp Nay Jo Jomod “SUT “18,4, 30 vasi0g red heat AUN AMOO NK “SFA ‘Ng je dussoQ, p Sip og cog Bet ZS ie ese PE Lor —isd bes Ps 22 = 2,282 degrees. . brittle—soft 6U.000} 00.. “youl osunhs tod 4] ny AHN, -ve-Jred bext.../mni sq] UF oO] 2bs dod uysosdinos 6) dau IS }saIF 430138, 000 *sq] U] 200) 31 Nav JO PAA AL 443/92, 001 “say Np any ayq 13810 MAO PROPERTIES OF BODIES. “AY JATIN opiaads y deg] 7.18 }.26 “eau “pav][ Jo doadoq a ‘quapvamb ay spoqurég : = s 3 “1010, e n © ey e = @ = oS < a To have a pure atmosphere, we must get rid of this carbonic neid gas as fast as it is formed It is the combination of the oxygen of the atmo-phere with the ec:urbon contained in the wood that produces the heat of the fire ; there is a little hydroyen with the carbon to help it along, as we have already said. Now it is just the same thing—the combination of oxygen with carbou, tbat keeps up the heat of tle body. We eat food, whirh consists chiefly of carbon; that food, or carbon, after beiny properly divested, is mainly taken np by the peculiar mechanism of the system, and goes to form bone, and fat, and mnscle. Such parts of it as are Bot needed are passed olf by various meaus—a portion passing into the blood gives it that black appearance, whieh forms such a marked difference between arterial and venous blood. ‘I'his venous blood thus overcharged witb carbon, is conducted into the luogs, where by an innumerable number of little cells, it is made to come in close contact with the atmosphere which we also draw into the lungs, to the act of breathing. While the air is thus iv close contact with. the bloud, separated only by a partition much thioner than the sheet of paper which yuu are reading, a cheinical action takes place, by which the oxygen is made to take away tlie blacklooking carbou from the blood ; and whea we throw out our breath we also tbrow out this carbon, in the form of carbonic acid. that is, carbon and oxygen united, the same way as it is when the carbon and oxygen is united in burning a candle or lamp, or a piece of coal or wood. It is this chemical action which is constantly going on in our aystems, and partic larly in the luays, which keeps up the heat of

our bodies, precisely us the heat of the fire is kept up. ‘fbe difference is only tn degree, that is, iv proportion to the amount of carbon and oxygen which is brought into sueb intimate contact as to form a chemical union, aud produce carbonic acid, When you lean over your desks, or whenever you place your bodies iu a stooping posture, you compress your lungs, so that yon cannot take in sufficient air to furnish tbe oxygen required for taking away the earbon front the blood, and thus rendering it fit to sustain life ; henee the blood remains bad, moves slowly through your veins,,aud the delicate little air cells of the lungs become irritated and inflamed. then a congh comes on, and finally tbe walls of tbe cells ulcerate and give way. Now, boys and girls sit upright and stand up straight, so as to give the Innysjlenty if fresh air at every breath, aud you will vever Le in danger of eonsnmption. Give your lungs a pleaty of fresh air. and study will uever hurt you, and you will find your heads all the clearer for it; also, you will be able to get yonr lessons easier. ‘I'he warm blood will go coursing freely through your veins, imparting health and activity to your limbs, aud redness to your cheeks. The girls will find this same oxygen, of which Tam talking. the best artist in tbe world to paint their cheeks. {t never nukes a mistake in the color; and if you let it have free access to yonr cheeks and lungs, it puts the colour on so stroug that you canuot wash it off.” Scuoozs in Esurratpa.—We notice that the citizens of Aurora, Esmeralda county, one of the outposts of civilization on the Pacific coast, are taking an ioterest io their schinols. and the cause of education generally They have a flourishing Lyceum and Librury Assuciation, before which lectures are frequently delivered. We natice thnt our old friend, R. A. Ricker, Esq., one of the most enthu iastic and successin! teachers on the const, bas a flourishing school in Anrora. Mr. R. reeently . delivered a lecture before the Lyceum, which is hiphly spokeo of. His subject was ‘‘ Amerfeat education.” * Exxecrroryre Curs, Excravincs, Etc.—Our Job Printing ofiico is abundantly supplied with clegant engravings, orhaments, and other emliclishmanls to suit tha various brauciics of industry iu this State. MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS PATENT ACENCY. For the Pacific Coast. Orrice or THR Minixo axp Sctestiric Press—No. 605 Clay sireel, corner of Sunsome, San Franclsno, Information for Inventors! Incenfors on thts coast hating thetr applications for patents made ext through our Agency can sign their papers at ance, amt thua eccure their rights ut least three montha enmer than by trastiug the wame to distant ogeneter, situated in New York or Washington. The first question that presenia Itself to the Invent: or, Who desires to procure nm patent, la: “Can lobtuin a patent?" A po@tve mnswer to hls hails ohly tube had y presenti: alormal appliicution fora pulenl to the Govern= mentetmbhraclus a petition, 1 lon, model, lea drawliss, amd the payment of the prescribed oficial lees. Aside from these «teps, nll the Invenior ean dn Ie, to abil dls plans to persims experienced In the Malnes of ubtnining ralents, and saileit their opinion and mlvice, I ihe parties jansnitel are honoruble men, the inyventur may sutely eonude hia leas to them, aml they will inform {itn whether or eat bis Invention Is probably patentable, Those who have made Invei‘ons mud desire to consult with us respecting the same, ure curdintiy Invite to do so. We shinll be happy to see them In pore atour office, or to advise Them by inail, or throng the Mixing axn Suientiria Uress, In all cases ¥ may expeet trom us an honeat opinion. For these consnlttions, oplulon and advice, we make ho charge. A pen-and-ink sketch, and dcseription of the Invenilonslould besent together with aslamp for return palit Write plain; do not uso pencil or pute Ink; be rel. 5 Rememher thal all business committed to onr care, and all Ges NCU are kept by us seeret, and strictly confidenthal, Caveats. A Caveat Is a confidential communication made to the Palent Office, and la therefore Med wiililn Is secret archly es. The privilege secured under a caveat Is, that it entitles the enveator to recelve nniiee, for a period ot one yeur, of an pnp lica lon lor a patent subsequently Med, and which !s adjudged to be novel, und Is Ilkely to Interfere with the In¥entlon deserihed fu the enveal, and ihe ca¥cator Is ihen required ta emnplete hls applicallon for a palent within threa mantha trom Ihe date of suhl uolice. Caveat papers should be very WR Ue Lh he Our fee for the service yarics Irom $1010 $20, The Government fee under the new law Ia reduced to Jen dellura; and this sim does not apply, aa heretofore, as part of tho lee on presentlig an appheation tor a patent. Inventors will otttimes flnd It very Important to taka advantage of the caveat system—Ihe expense under the law belng comparatively small. To enable us to preparo caveat paper, wo only requlra a sketeh and deseription of tha Invention, no mode! belng necessary, Expense of Applying for a Patent, Rejections, eto. Under the new law, the Government fee, on filing an ne plreation ror a patent, ls Afteon dollars ; and tf the patent ia allowed, twenty dollars additional Is required. If rejected, the first fee of Hfteen dollars 1s all thal is demanded. EngYish, French, Ausirlan, Prussian Spunish, and inventors of every natlonallty, may now obtaln patents in the United Slates upon the snme Jerms as our own eltizens. The only diserlmination made Is agains! subjects of government that diseriminate agalust the Inhabitants of the Unlied States. To the foregolug officlal ces must be added the Altorney'a fees for preparlng the varlous documents and drawlngs. Our ehargo for preparing a ease, preseniing fllo the Gov ernment, and attetidlug to all business connected wilh It, until a decision Is given, Istrom $20 to$i0. If tbe paten) ia yrantted no further agency expenses ensues. If the appitcation Is reiected we cause thorough luvestlzatlon to be made Into the reasons presented to the Commissioner for refusing the patent. In making Ihls examination, our WashIngton agent has access lo all tho drawings, models, books and specifieations elted In referenca, and we report tho rosult as carly as possible to our cellent. If the rejection proves to be an unjust one—which someumes happens—It ean generally be reversed, and the pate ent obtained by conlestiig thecase. Forthis proseeution we eharge a fee proportionate lo the extra labor involved, payahle oy on the Issue ofthe pateut ; but our demand will ba reasonable and satisfactory to our elleints, and will bo arranged heforehund by special xgreement. The system adopted by us works well, fixes general sallsfaction and presciits to al) applicants, rich or poor, an equal concetunlts: of having thelr patent cases prepared, eondueted aud prosecuted In the bes] manner, by experienced ats torney’s, ujion the mos] modernie terms. Invenlors who have rejected cases, prepared elther by themselves, or for them by other agents, and deslre to aseerlaln thelr prospects of'success by rurther efforts, are Invited to avall therselves of onr unequalled facillties In securing tavarnble rasults. We have been sucecssful In securing Letters Patent in many cases of sucha matter. Ourteruis fo such casea aro very moderate. Models, Remittances, ete, The law requires that lhe Invenlor shall, In all eases, furnish amodel, which must et excecd twelve Inches In an of ils dimentions: it should be neutly mado, of hard woot or metal, or boll, varnished or peuted ithe name of the nvyentor should be engraved or pamted on I couspicuoualy. When the Invention conslsis of 10 linprovement on some known machine. a full workin mode! of the whole will not be necessary. It should be sufficiently perfeet, liowever, to show, with clearness, the nature and Operation of tha Invention. As soon as the made! ls realy, It should be enrefully boxed and shipped by express or othurwise, Jo our address, namays Dewry & Co, Mining and Selentitie Press, No. 505 Clay Street, corner of Sansome, San Franclaco, Cal. Pra. ay expenses nnd send express recelpt to 18 by mall. Imultangously with the mudel, the Inventor should send us the tirst Installment of the Government fee, fittesn dollars. The money may he forwarded elther by oxpress with the model, or by nai! The safest way to rem! {5 by dratt on San Franelseo, payable to onr order. Always send a lot. Ster w th the model, aud also the remittance stating Ihe nante and adilress of Ihe seme A Yuli description shoald ohe sent with the model, em: badying all the ideas of the iuventor respeetlng the improvement. On the receipt of the modol and Oovernment fee, tho case Is duly registered upon nur bouks, and the applieallon Proeeeded with ua: as possible. When the doevmenta arc ready we send them tothe Invenior by mail, for his examInation, signature and allidavit, with a letter of Insiruetion, ete. Ourfeo for prem aTue the ense Is then due and will bee: itor, The ease will lhen be preseuted to tha Paten! Oce, and as soon us the patent ts omlered to be Is. sued the Governenent fee, nuinely, tweuty dollars, Inventors who do business wilh us will bo notsfed of tha alnte of thelr applicalion in the Patent Ottice, when if ispos sible for us to dose. We ilo not require the personal attend: ance of Lhe inventor, unless !t 1s one of great complication; Whe bushi ¢ well doue by correspondence, When t! rentlon consisis ot a new urticla of manufac. ture, of a new compos samples of the peperaie lngredlents, suffielent teimnke the experlinent, and alsoof tha manulnctnred arilele fiself must be furnished. The average time required to procure a jiateni, when the case {+ conducted at onr aseney, ts three manths. We frequently gel them through In tess tlie; bul in athet cases, owlng to delay on the part of olliclats, the perlud is vomotimes extended to four or five months, and even more, Wa make a speeial polnt to forward our cases as rapldly as posslble. Patent Office Fees, and How Payable. Nearly all the fees payable lo the Patent Otfleo are posltlyely required by Jaw lo be pald !n advanco, The followlug is the Oovernment tarl{f of fees established by law: Onevery On every a On every ap for a design, for 3 y'rs and 6 mos.. plicallon tor a design, for seven ycars. lication lor a desizn, for rourtcen years lon for a palent, for seventeeu years. caveat, f@ each orisiial patent a disclalmer...... e On every 3 On the grant of every oxtenslon . On appeal to the Commissioner from Oa every appeal to the Judges of Clreull Court, 0. € We have had suecessiul experlence In condncting these appeais and our serviecs are rendered on moderate terme, N. B.—We make ou! our own forms for applications, ete., and would respeetiully Incorm all parties that we have no prinied blank foruis for salo. DEWEY & CO., Agents, Mining and Sejentifie Preas Offica, No, 505 Clay streat, cor ner of Sansome, San Francisco.