Volume 12 (1866) (428 pages)

Ghe Mining and Srienti—ic Press, — ———— a oe H toma? . ae Fe ae tee THE Pan; B, Muller 3 Openings, Ths relativs grinding capacities of “The Excelsior” Grinder and Amalgamator, of the Flat Bottomed Pan, and of the Conical Pan when properly constructed, are respectively 177, 98 and 110. That is, ihe respective mullers heing of the same diameter, same weight, same hardness, and running at the same velocity “The Excelsior Grinder and Amalgamator’’ will reduce one hundred and seventy-seven tons of ore, tbs Flat Bottomed Pan ninetyeight tons, and the Conical Pan one hundred and ten tons to ths same degree of fineness in the same time. The wear to the Shocs and Dies at their grinding surfaces in the Excelsior Grinder and Amalgamator, is perfectly uniform, thus securing evenness of reduction to the pulp, as well as steadiness Uniform wear of ths grinding plates has been attained in no other than that of the Tractory form—nor of motion to the muller. ean it he. Another property of excellence in this machine is that the metal or substance to he amalgamated passes direct from the grinding surfaces into ths quicksilver ; thus excluding the possihility of its hecoming coated with any foreign substances, after having been hurnished. It is trnthfully said “that the Tractory-formed Pan as a Grinder has no equal, and as an Amalgamator no superior.” As a whole, it is fur superior to any other pan in nse. MANUFACTURED AT THE Union Iron Works and Golden State Iron Works, WHEELER & RANDALL, Inventors, The undersigned having had several years of experience in practical quartz mining operations, will ever take great pleasure in furnishing parties interested in mining and machinery any desired information which they may possess. EXCELSIOR : GRINDER AND AMALCAMATOR, In the engraving herewith presented, A represents the Rim of the , Leen; D, Cross-Frame; E, Gersring; F, Screw ; G, Lever; H, Dash-Boards; I, Key; a, Dies; c, Shoes, and o, ie ¥e3! ite _ Machinery. SAVE YOUR NIONEY AND BUY, For $100! EUNTER’S Premium Cnocentrator ! ! Awarded a Silver Medal at the Mechanics’ Fair of 1865. HE ANOVE MACHINE HAS BEEN RECENTLY IM. proved and simplified, doing away with all couipllcation and friction, therehy requiring less power aud specd. As Improved, 125 revolutlons per mimute is the regular speed required, but any speed varying from 100 to 135 revolutions dues not ehange the results. It 1s the only machine built on the. Pacifie const that Is perfeetly adjustable for all the different grades of ores, and will save ten per eent. more sulphnrets than any Concentrator In use, aid is the eheapest, from the following list of prices: For asingle machine of the eapaeity ot five tons in twentyfour hours, as lt passes from the battery or pans, $125, For donble maehines of two. three, or four tables In oue frame, each table of five tons eapaelty, $100. Thave been running maehines tor the past three months at Grass Valley, therefore I make my assertions from a praetieal working test, where several of the maenines are working. Persons desirous of seeing the maehines runulng, ean do so at Emplre Mill, Grass Valley, where twelve Pacific Forge Company. FORGING AND IRON WORK. HE PACIFIC FORGE COMPANY HAVE JUST ERECTed, in this city, on Fourteenth street, near the machine shop ofthe San Jose Railroad, a large establishment for the purpose of forging and working in wroughtiron. Our hammor is the largest upon this coast, and we aro prepared to manafacture, at short notice. all kinds of heavy forgings, ear axles, shafts, steamboat eranks, plston-rods, wagon axles, and other similar work. This is the first ge.eral shop of the kind creeted in this, State, and we solicit the patronage of the public. Allorders executed at reasonable tates, and with promptness and satlsfaetion. 19v12-3in. Prater’s Patent Concentrator, (Known as HUNGERFORD & PRATER’S Coneentrator,) MANUFACTURED AT THE San Francisco Foundry and Steam Engine Works. Corner Fremont and Mission Streets. A All orders promptly attended to. 2v12 DEVOE, DINSMORE & CO. machines can be seen in operation. or In San Fr SCO, at 18 Washington street, below Davis, where ALBERT Jacons will AU their orders prompily. ‘ ANDREW HUNTER, ' Wyl2-tf Inventor, TO PLACER MINERS AND OTHERS, Little Giant ’ Bent Tube. feet BREARS”’ Improved Steam Syphons. STATE AND COUNTY RIGATS FOR SALE BY THE sina LPATENTEE, No. 320 Pine strect. a Informatlon will be senf or given to parties upon 11. eation, by letter or otherwise, to or by fe Giang: ahd owners of ihe Miners! Fuinplry. where the Puinps are on exlubltion and for gale; 245 First sireet, Sau Franeiseo, LIsT OF PRICES: Lirtne Granr. BENT TUBE. Brass. $65 . Tron, 4 in di., Tron se 50 oe 8 rd Bia 1B-v12, : Brags, 1 in: '. from lu to 5,000 inehes of water, and from 4 feet to 500 feat LEP RP ELS American Double Turbine WATER LOO EE A p=as WHEEL, WHICH HAS KAD THE Most unprecedented sate of any water-wheel ever made, and whieh has given unusnal satisfaction whenever used, is now for sale by KNAPP & GRANT, 310 Washington Street. San Francisco, whete persons desiring to use waterpower can be supplied. These Wheels are adapted to use fall. Let us Know how mueh water you have either in Miner’s Inches or eubie feet per minute, what fall you have, and what power you require. aa cod cireular tu — ALSO — San Fraueiseo. LeffeVs Lever Jacks, For railroads, ears, or wagons, Railroad Jaeks for englnes and ears; Traek Jacks for leveling, with whieh three men, with a pair of these Jaeks, can level more track in a day than twelve men working in tho ordinary manner. also, Track Jacks, for relieving the axle of pressure to replace the brass. Theso Jaeks are now in general nge in the astern States, and give entire satisfaction. Also, Wagon and Track Jacks of the most superior make and kind. For sale by KNAPP & GRANT, 12y12.3m. San Franciseo, Steam Engines*for Sale Low. IRECT FROM EAGLE WORKS, NEW YORK, EM. braeing all Mode 1 Improvements, suitable for Mining, Milling, oy other purposes. Will be sold at Manufacturers’ ratcs and eharges, . 5 . Apply. to A, E. CRANE, . 16Vi2-31 310 Washington Street, up stairs, FOR SALE A STEAM ENGINE! eee CYLINDER, F \UR-FOOT STROKE, IN PERfeet Order. Inquire at VULCAN IRON WORKS, 137 and 139 First street, or to ~“ 5 c MEYNEMANN & co., ¢ evilte : 811 and 313 California street. Cotton-Filled Gum Belting, 8, 4, and 5-Ply, ERODM «4 TO 22-INCH, IN LIBERAL SUPPLY. _ FOR SALE BY GILLIG, MOTT & CO., Corner C and Taylory streets, VIRGINIA, NEVADA, ae Nos. 148; AND; 150 J STREET, ’ 19v12-tf SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. “ Safety Cages.” (PATENT GRANTED.) MINING COMPANIES % ILL FIND IT TO THEIR INTEREST TOADOPT “Berry, Hochholzer & Denver's Satety Cage’ in their hoisting works. It requires very little more work to manufacture than the ordinary style of eages—any blacksmith ean make it. Ithas been PROVED TO NE PERFECTLY SAFE, is self-acting and very light. and will, in the ltem of rope alone, pay for Itselfin ashorttlme. «+ The proprictors reter to, the following mining eompanles, among others, that are now using this Satety Cage i—Gould & Curry, Savage, Ophir, Mexiean, Emplro, Overman and Justis. For particulars and terms, apply to HUGO HOCHHOGLZER, Virginla City, Nevada, 15v1ltf Through Wells, Fargo & Co's Express. ” BRUCKNER'’S -_ Mechanical Roasting Furnace AWARDED A PREMIUM SILVER MEDAL —BY THE— The Mechanics’ Institute. HESE FURNACES ARE NOW MANUFACTURED AFter an improved mode of construeton, which GREATLY SIMPLIFIES THEIR OPERATION, and afford a mueh larger oxydizing surface to the action of heat and atmosphere. The weight of a Furnace nine feet long by four feet in diameter does not exeeed one ton. THE IMPROVED FURNACE will soon be moro fully described und Ulustrated in the eol umus of the Mixing ano Se1entirio Press. Parties wishing to ereetsueh Furuaees, aro requested to leave thelr crders with _ T. KALLENBERG, 19y12 416 Market street, Sau Frauetseo. To Ditchmen, Millmen and Others Requiring ERON PIPE. M. R. ROSE, CORNER OF STH AND KE STREETS, athe Snerainento Clty, has facilities unsurpassed on this eoast for the mauufaeture of IRUN PIPE of every deseription. We also has on hand a deep well FORCE PUMP, of his-own. invention and mannfaeture, well adapted for oil wells. His: tools being portable, pipe can CSET ) 2. VWyL 0 on the’grouud. . Jones, we examined the mine and mill, and ‘. intendent, expressed the hope that twenty feet {Wrltten for the MIning and Selentific Presa?) . Letter from Yuba County. THE BROWN’S VALLEY MINES. Eprrors Press :—Among the mines: in rich those situated at this place. As yet no ex tended notice has been taken of them, though from their richness and character they hays asgerved it. There are in the town ond vicinity five mills, some of them large nnd flourishingThe most important mins, in point of weallh and permanency, is the e ’ JEFFERSON, Sitnated just sonth of the town, npon the mos valuable port of ths ledgs yet discovered. corted hy the saperintendent, Mr. W. were satisfied from nppearances and fag kindly furnished, that this mine is destined to he very rich and lasting. ‘I'he ledge is of very soft, easily-crushed quartz, and is, from present appearances, iuexhaustihlein quantity. The di. rection of the ledgs is from north to south, with an eastern dip, upon which an incline 410 feet deep hns heen sunk, and from whieh sevea . drifts Bavs heen extended to the north an south. The quartz is of a dark lead color, is almost entirely free from crystalization, and is so soft that large particles are easily hroken in the fingers. Some portions of the lead is ver rich in special deposits, the gold heing disco’ ered hy the naked eye. As a hopeful evidsne of the permanency of the miue, the ledge i creases in extent ng the incline is carried for. word. To facilitats operations, and to he pre pnred for any emergency, the shaft is cartied one hundred feet in constant advance of ths drifts. The rock now being crushed is called ‘ . common rock, and yields fifteen dollars per ton; ; from twenty to thirty tons are crushed. per da The mill isin constant operation with twelrs stamps, which, together with the pumping and hoisting works, are driven by an engine of . 30-horss power. It is in good condition, but is hardly of sufficient capacity to carry on the operations as fast as the company desire, The stamps weigh 750 pounds each; ‘Varney’s pans nre used. ‘'o iuerease operations, ths . company have contracted for new machinery , and will have it erected soon. The new ood ‘ will be of 60-borse power, nnd will be uscd for: puinping and hoisting. The mill ond miue fur * nish employment for ahout thirty-five men. Ths next miue here is the ' \ ! 4 ik ! PENNSYLVANIA, Just one hundred and eighty feet north from ths Jefferson. Success has not crowned ths efforts of this company yet; hut a goodly amouat of hope acts as a stimulant to ener getic labor. The indications are fayorahle to the supposition that the ledge of the Jefferson extends through this claim, and an incline dippiag to the east has hcen sunk at an angle of 45°, with the hope of reaching tbe northern section of the ledge. The incline is now 375 fect deep, being thirty-five feet less than that of the Jefferson. Mr. John Howell, the supermore would open a chnmbher of pay rock. Four drifts to the north have been extended from the incline at the mill, and ten additional inclines have been sunk a short distance further nortb. The third incline developed sonie good rock, yieldiag from eight to fourteen dollars per ton. No machinery has been erected on this incliae, and its value awaits future develop: ment. The operations of the mine have been greatly hindered by vast qnantities of water pouring in faster than two 6-inch pumps could drain it. The water wns pumped out on the 13th instant, aad workmen nre now engnged in exteading the drift. The mill has eight stamps (weigbing 650 ponnds each) aud ten Chils mills, which aré'used instead of paus. Ths rock presents the same characteristics as ths Jefferson. A beautiful specimen of rich quartz was presented me by oae of the smployees, for whose kindness Iam very grateful. Next in order came the DANNYBORGE. The name sounds Scotch, but is Danish. This is the third mill and mine. It lies northwest of tbe town, but a short distance from the main street. The bistory of this miae is somewbat “——_ — —__——_— ” eS checksréd—at oné timé paying handsome divi=

Ghe Mining and Srienti—ic Press, — ———— a oe H toma? . ae Fe ae tee THE Pan; B, Muller 3 Openings, Ths relativs grinding capacities of “The Excelsior” Grinder and Amalgamator, of the Flat Bottomed Pan, and of the Conical Pan when properly constructed, are respectively 177, 98 and 110. That is, ihe respective mullers heing of the same diameter, same weight, same hardness, and running at the same velocity “The Excelsior Grinder and Amalgamator’’ will reduce one hundred and seventy-seven tons of ore, tbs Flat Bottomed Pan ninetyeight tons, and the Conical Pan one hundred and ten tons to ths same degree of fineness in the same time. The wear to the Shocs and Dies at their grinding surfaces in the Excelsior Grinder and Amalgamator, is perfectly uniform, thus securing evenness of reduction to the pulp, as well as steadiness Uniform wear of ths grinding plates has been attained in no other than that of the Tractory form—nor of motion to the muller. ean it he. Another property of excellence in this machine is that the metal or substance to he amalgamated passes direct from the grinding surfaces into ths quicksilver ; thus excluding the possihility of its hecoming coated with any foreign substances, after having been hurnished. It is trnthfully said “that the Tractory-formed Pan as a Grinder has no equal, and as an Amalgamator no superior.” As a whole, it is fur superior to any other pan in nse. MANUFACTURED AT THE Union Iron Works and Golden State Iron Works, WHEELER & RANDALL, Inventors, The undersigned having had several years of experience in practical quartz mining operations, will ever take great pleasure in furnishing parties interested in mining and machinery any desired information which they may possess. EXCELSIOR : GRINDER AND AMALCAMATOR, In the engraving herewith presented, A represents the Rim of the , Leen; D, Cross-Frame; E, Gersring; F, Screw ; G, Lever; H, Dash-Boards; I, Key; a, Dies; c, Shoes, and o, ie ¥e3! ite _ Machinery. SAVE YOUR NIONEY AND BUY, For $100! EUNTER’S Premium Cnocentrator ! ! Awarded a Silver Medal at the Mechanics’ Fair of 1865. HE ANOVE MACHINE HAS BEEN RECENTLY IM. proved and simplified, doing away with all couipllcation and friction, therehy requiring less power aud specd. As Improved, 125 revolutlons per mimute is the regular speed required, but any speed varying from 100 to 135 revolutions dues not ehange the results. It 1s the only machine built on the. Pacifie const that Is perfeetly adjustable for all the different grades of ores, and will save ten per eent. more sulphnrets than any Concentrator In use, aid is the eheapest, from the following list of prices: For asingle machine of the eapaeity ot five tons in twentyfour hours, as lt passes from the battery or pans, $125, For donble maehines of two. three, or four tables In oue frame, each table of five tons eapaelty, $100. Thave been running maehines tor the past three months at Grass Valley, therefore I make my assertions from a praetieal working test, where several of the maenines are working. Persons desirous of seeing the maehines runulng, ean do so at Emplre Mill, Grass Valley, where twelve Pacific Forge Company. FORGING AND IRON WORK. HE PACIFIC FORGE COMPANY HAVE JUST ERECTed, in this city, on Fourteenth street, near the machine shop ofthe San Jose Railroad, a large establishment for the purpose of forging and working in wroughtiron. Our hammor is the largest upon this coast, and we aro prepared to manafacture, at short notice. all kinds of heavy forgings, ear axles, shafts, steamboat eranks, plston-rods, wagon axles, and other similar work. This is the first ge.eral shop of the kind creeted in this, State, and we solicit the patronage of the public. Allorders executed at reasonable tates, and with promptness and satlsfaetion. 19v12-3in. Prater’s Patent Concentrator, (Known as HUNGERFORD & PRATER’S Coneentrator,) MANUFACTURED AT THE San Francisco Foundry and Steam Engine Works. Corner Fremont and Mission Streets. A All orders promptly attended to. 2v12 DEVOE, DINSMORE & CO. machines can be seen in operation. or In San Fr SCO, at 18 Washington street, below Davis, where ALBERT Jacons will AU their orders prompily. ‘ ANDREW HUNTER, ' Wyl2-tf Inventor, TO PLACER MINERS AND OTHERS, Little Giant ’ Bent Tube. feet BREARS”’ Improved Steam Syphons. STATE AND COUNTY RIGATS FOR SALE BY THE sina LPATENTEE, No. 320 Pine strect. a Informatlon will be senf or given to parties upon 11. eation, by letter or otherwise, to or by fe Giang: ahd owners of ihe Miners! Fuinplry. where the Puinps are on exlubltion and for gale; 245 First sireet, Sau Franeiseo, LIsT OF PRICES: Lirtne Granr. BENT TUBE. Brass.. $65 . Tron, 4 in di., Tron se 50 oe 8 rd Bia 1B-v12, : Brags, 1 in: '. from lu to 5,000 inehes of water, and from 4 feet to 500 feat LEP RP ELS American Double Turbine WATER LOO EE A p=as WHEEL, WHICH HAS KAD THE Most unprecedented sate of any water-wheel ever made, and whieh has given unusnal satisfaction whenever used, is now for sale by KNAPP & GRANT, 310 Washington Street. San Francisco, whete persons desiring to use waterpower can be supplied. These Wheels are adapted to use fall. Let us Know how mueh water you have either in Miner’s Inches or eubie feet per minute, what fall you have, and what power you require. aa cod cireular tu — ALSO — San Fraueiseo. LeffeVs Lever Jacks, For railroads, ears, or wagons, Railroad Jaeks for englnes and ears; Traek Jacks for leveling, with whieh three men, with a pair of these Jaeks, can level more track in a day than twelve men working in tho ordinary manner. also, Track Jacks, for relieving the axle of pressure to replace the brass. Theso Jaeks are now in general nge in the astern States, and give entire satisfaction. Also, Wagon and Track Jacks of the most superior make and kind. For sale by KNAPP & GRANT, 12y12.3m. San Franciseo, Steam Engines*for Sale Low. IRECT FROM EAGLE WORKS, NEW YORK, EM. braeing all Mode 1 Improvements, suitable for Mining, Milling, oy other purposes. Will be sold at Manufacturers’ ratcs and eharges, . 5 . Apply. to A, E. CRANE, . 16Vi2-31 310 Washington Street, up stairs, FOR SALE A STEAM ENGINE! eee CYLINDER, F \UR-FOOT STROKE, IN PERfeet Order. Inquire at VULCAN IRON WORKS, 137 and 139 First street, or to ~“ 5 c MEYNEMANN & co., ¢ evilte : 811 and 313 California street. Cotton-Filled Gum Belting, 8, 4, and 5-Ply, ERODM «4 TO 22-INCH, IN LIBERAL SUPPLY. _ FOR SALE BY GILLIG, MOTT & CO., Corner C and Taylory streets, VIRGINIA, NEVADA, ae Nos. 148; AND; 150 J STREET,

’ 19v12-tf SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. “ Safety Cages.” (PATENT GRANTED.) MINING COMPANIES % ILL FIND IT TO THEIR INTEREST TOADOPT “Berry, Hochholzer & Denver's Satety Cage’ in their hoisting works. It requires very little more work to manufacture than the ordinary style of eages—any blacksmith ean make it. Ithas been PROVED TO NE PERFECTLY SAFE, is self-acting and very light. and will, in the ltem of rope alone, pay for Itselfin ashorttlme. «+ The proprictors reter to, the following mining eompanles, among others, that are now using this Satety Cage i—Gould & Curry, Savage, Ophir, Mexiean, Emplro, Overman and Justis. For particulars and terms, apply to HUGO HOCHHOGLZER, Virginla City, Nevada, 15v1ltf Through Wells, Fargo & Co's Express. ” BRUCKNER'’S -_ Mechanical Roasting Furnace AWARDED A PREMIUM SILVER MEDAL —BY THE— The Mechanics’ Institute. HESE FURNACES ARE NOW MANUFACTURED AFter an improved mode of construeton, which GREATLY SIMPLIFIES THEIR OPERATION, and afford a mueh larger oxydizing surface to the action of heat and atmosphere. The weight of a Furnace nine feet long by four feet in diameter does not exeeed one ton. THE IMPROVED FURNACE will soon be moro fully described und Ulustrated in the eol umus of the Mixing ano Se1entirio Press. Parties wishing to ereetsueh Furuaees, aro requested to leave thelr crders with _ T. KALLENBERG, 19y12 416 Market street, Sau Frauetseo. To Ditchmen, Millmen and Others Requiring ERON PIPE. M. R. ROSE, CORNER OF STH AND KE STREETS, athe Snerainento Clty, has facilities unsurpassed on this eoast for the mauufaeture of IRUN PIPE of every deseription. We also has on hand a deep well FORCE PUMP, of his-own. invention and mannfaeture, well adapted for oil wells. His: tools being portable, pipe can CSET ) 2. VWyL 0 on the’grouud. . Jones, we examined the mine and mill, and ‘. intendent, expressed the hope that twenty feet {Wrltten for the MIning and Selentific Presa?) . Letter from Yuba County. THE BROWN’S VALLEY MINES. Eprrors Press :—Among the mines: in rich those situated at this place. As yet no ex tended notice has been taken of them, though from their richness and character they hays asgerved it. There are in the town ond vicinity five mills, some of them large nnd flourishingThe most important mins, in point of weallh and permanency, is the e ’ JEFFERSON, Sitnated just sonth of the town, npon the mos valuable port of ths ledgs yet discovered. corted hy the saperintendent, Mr. W. were satisfied from nppearances and fag kindly furnished, that this mine is destined to he very rich and lasting. ‘I'he ledge is of very soft, easily-crushed quartz, and is, from present appearances, iuexhaustihlein quantity. The di. rection of the ledgs is from north to south, with an eastern dip, upon which an incline 410 feet deep hns heen sunk, and from whieh sevea . drifts Bavs heen extended to the north an south. The quartz is of a dark lead color, is almost entirely free from crystalization, and is so soft that large particles are easily hroken in the fingers. Some portions of the lead is ver rich in special deposits, the gold heing disco’ ered hy the naked eye. As a hopeful evidsne of the permanency of the miue, the ledge i creases in extent ng the incline is carried for. word. To facilitats operations, and to he pre pnred for any emergency, the shaft is cartied one hundred feet in constant advance of ths drifts. The rock now being crushed is called ‘ . common rock, and yields fifteen dollars per ton; ; from twenty to thirty tons are crushed. per da The mill isin constant operation with twelrs stamps, which, together with the pumping and hoisting works, are driven by an engine of . 30-horss power. It is in good condition, but is hardly of sufficient capacity to carry on the operations as fast as the company desire, The stamps weigh 750 pounds each; ‘Varney’s pans nre used. ‘'o iuerease operations, ths . company have contracted for new machinery , and will have it erected soon. The new ood ‘ will be of 60-borse power, nnd will be uscd for: puinping and hoisting. The mill ond miue fur * nish employment for ahout thirty-five men. Ths next miue here is the ' \ ! 4 ik ! PENNSYLVANIA, Just one hundred and eighty feet north from ths Jefferson. Success has not crowned ths efforts of this company yet; hut a goodly amouat of hope acts as a stimulant to ener getic labor. The indications are fayorahle to the supposition that the ledge of the Jefferson extends through this claim, and an incline dippiag to the east has hcen sunk at an angle of 45°, with the hope of reaching tbe northern section of the ledge. The incline is now 375 fect deep, being thirty-five feet less than that of the Jefferson. Mr. John Howell, the supermore would open a chnmbher of pay rock. Four drifts to the north have been extended from the incline at the mill, and ten additional inclines have been sunk a short distance further nortb. The third incline developed sonie good rock, yieldiag from eight to fourteen dollars per ton. No machinery has been erected on this incliae, and its value awaits future develop: ment. The operations of the mine have been greatly hindered by vast qnantities of water pouring in faster than two 6-inch pumps could drain it. The water wns pumped out on the 13th instant, aad workmen nre now engnged in exteading the drift. The mill has eight stamps (weigbing 650 ponnds each) aud ten Chils mills, which aré'used instead of paus. Ths rock presents the same characteristics as ths Jefferson. A beautiful specimen of rich quartz was presented me by oae of the smployees, for whose kindness Iam very grateful. Next in order came the DANNYBORGE. The name sounds Scotch, but is Danish. This is the third mill and mine. It lies northwest of tbe town, but a short distance from the main street. The bistory of this miae is somewbat “——_ — —__——_— ” eS checksréd—at oné timé paying handsome divi=