Volume 17 (1868) (428 pages)

nents which then made np tho world were he same, and possessed tho same properies as those now recogitized, ns of course it mits an end to all reasoning upon tbis subect, if this be not granted; for the very sups0sition that the interior of thocarth (with he exact nnture of which we aro and ever nist remain ignorant) was composed of lements unknown to the clicmist, would at yace aunihilato all calculations or deducions. Uaving now an intensely heated world riven us for consideration, itis in the first ylace inferred, that tltis would be composed of bodies of two different claracters—solid wid gasiform; which, by their situation sud rotation, would bring about the formafiou of a molten spbere of tho more refracory bodics, surronuded by an intensely teated gasiform atmosphero of the 1oro volatile. In considering the distribution of tho shemical elements in this sphere and atmosphero, we must be guided by the knowlxlge wo posscss of tho eflect of intenso heat zyion the elementary bodies and their eqmpounds ; and it naturally follows that the noro volatile bodies would remaiu longer in the atmosphere than tlie more refractory ones, which would be condensed previously nto the spltere. It must also be remembered, that at so intense a temperature we should not only find in the atmosphere hose bodies which are gaseous at ordinary lempceratnres, but in addition, many others, sicb as the vapors of various metals, ete., ete., which do not assume that form, exsept when exposed to extremely high heats. The atlinity of bodies for one another would no doubt also be considerably ditferent at this temperature, and their mutual eltemical reactions migbt also be expected to vary considerably from those which are kuown to take place at ordinary temperahires; and it is to be regretted tbat tho ofYects of hent in modifying the affinity of bodies for one another, are as yet but very mmperfcctly understood, although it is proved that they possess a very strong in(lnence in so doing: we know for example, that sodinm will, at comparatively low temperatures, decompose carbonic acid, yet at much higher temperatures, carbon decomposes soda. Again, iron ata red heat desomposes water, whilst bydrogen at a simlar heat decomposes tho oxide of iron. Under tbese circumstances, it is ovident tat great latitude is given to chemists when explaining the reactious which may be conjectnred to havo characterized this spocb in tbo earth's history, as at present it wonld be impossible to produce sufficient axperimental evidence, to prove or disprove various different and apparently contradictory Opinions which might be advanced to iccount for snch phenomena. I shall therefore here give a summary of the main conclusions, wbich the examination of this subject has caused me to arrive at, and theu go into an examination of the arguments for and against their adoption. Supposing the graud battle of chomical sambination at an eud, and the compounds so formed, resting as it were during an avinistice of neutralization, whilstatthe same ime the whole world still continued in a state of intcnse incandescence, I bave venimred to imagine the state of tbings at this moment, as follows :— Both in the molten sphere, and in the atmosphere surrounding it, the first impulso of theso uewly formed compounds would be to obey the laws of gravity, and so arrange themselves in strata or zones according to their respective densities; here I would remark that these separatious are ouly to be regarded as approximative, for there would always be some greater or less uimixture of the snbstauce of one zone with another, cither from mechanical enfanelemcnt or diffusion. The solid spbere would resolve itself oto some three grand zones (probably with ons) itis imagined, somewhat as folows :— jin external layer or ernst of highly acid jilicates, with most probably much free juartz, tbe bases of thesc silicates being thifly alumina and potash with minor quan‘ities of soda, lime, magnesia, etc. Below his a second zone of silicates of more basic tharacter and greater density, the bases beQ¢ lime, maguesia, alumiua, oxide of iron, oda, with but minor quantities of potash, ite. ; and still deeper, a far denser sphere or incleus, eontaining most of the denser mewlic elemcnts, in part, at least, in eombilation with sulphur, arsenic, etc. (Goutinued In our next.) ars Franxiin introduced broom-cora into his country. Previonsly, brooms were aade of evergreen bougiis. Rar fell in considerable quantities on Wednesday and Thursday uights, The Mining and Scientific Press. ROOTS PATENT FORCE BLAST ROTARY BLOWER. Patented Nov. Ist, 1562; July 2b, 146653 und Oct. ¥, 1N66. Awarded the First Premium at the Paris exposition. 2 SS {ATEN I ti} a ‘ Mt a ADAPTED REQUIRES FOR Smelting, itty Per Cent. Found, af LESS POWER Mining ard Than any Blower Stenamslips. Now in use, One of these Blowers may he seen on exhihition at W. T. Garratt’s Brass Foundry, corner of Mission and Fremont streets. They are also in use atthe Almaden Quicksilver Mine; Gridley’s Foundry, Gold Hill, Nevada ; Aetna Iron Works, San Francisco, and many other places. Caution.—Purchasers will find it to their advantage to apply direct to the Stockton Agency. as certain parties, not authorized to manufacture the Blower, have put in the market machines of inferior construction, which do not answer all the reqnirements of the genuine article. For circulars and further information, address KEEP, BLAKE & CO., re 4v16 3m Globe Iron Works, Stockton, Cal, Patt: She PoOHNS’ Pe 7 ei eee iN CEN TRA TO, For Saving Gold and Sliver Snlphurcts, This invention, a perspective view of which is given above, consists in applying machinery to the ordinary buddle, and rendering the same automatie in action) It is calculated to do a large amount of work. One Muchimre, costing about $1,400, is sufficient to work the Sunds from 25 to 30 Stuinps. But very little power is required, It can be easily run by one man turning a crank. The principle on which it works is entirely dissimilar from any other machine now used on tho Pacific Coast; although it is in almost universal nse in Europe; but not so arranged there ns to be automatic in action. The illustration given herewith, was fully described in the Mining and Scientific Press of March 21, 1868. One of these machines may be seen in constant operation at the Eureka (Watt’s) mine in Grass Valley, where it is giving the fullest satisfiction, and is working all the tailings from thirty stamps, Another machine may be seen at the Banner mill, in Nevada, and a third below the Gould & Curry Company’s mill, near Virginia City. For further information, apply to Tuomas N. Panu, Grass Valley, California. PAINE, STEPHENS & HARRY. lavlécow Metallurgy. KUSTEL & HOFMANN, Metallurgists and Assayer Gold and Silver Bullion Assayed. MINERAL ASSAYS & ANALYSIS MADE, 611 Conimerelal Street, San Francisco, SLLVER AND GOLD ONES worked In small lots up to lundred pounds, by Chlprination and other metbods, T8¥ 16 Q. TAYLOR WM. 1, TAYLOR. ROBERT TAYLOR & CoO., METALLURERGISTS. SMELTING WORKS, Corner Folsom and Eleventh streets, SIMMONS, ROWE & CO., Agents Corner Fine and Sansome Streets, Sau Franelsco. GALVANIZING. Algo. Antifrictlon, Alloys fur Journals, Type and Slamppling Metals, Thiners' and tlumbers’ Soller, ele., etc. ga~ he bestprice given Iur the most rebellious or refrac.ory ores, Ures aud na ite eae assayed and analyzed. Zev 16-tt JOHN TAYLOR & CO. IMPORTERS, AND DEALENS IN ASSAYERS’ MATERIALS, Druggists’ & Chemists’ Glassware Photographic Stock, Ete. 612 and 514 Washington Street, SAN FRANCISCO. Ws are recelying dlrectftrom MESARS. LADD & OKRTLING (London) and BEEKER & SUNS (Antwerp, Belglum) their superior ASSAY AND BULLION BALANCES, And from France and Germany, as well as the Eastern Slates, FURNACES, CRUCIBLE, MUFFLES, BLOW-P1PE CASES, GOLD SCALES, CHEMICAL GLASSWARE, and every artlel¢ required for ASSAY OFFICES, LABORATO RIES, ele, We have glyen this branch of our business par ticular attention, to select such articles as are necessary hi_ the development of the mineral wealth ot thls coasi. A Full Assortment of DRUGGISTS' KbLASSWARE and DRUGGISTS’ SUNDRIES, ACIDS and CHEMICALS, con stantly on hand. San Franeisco March 6, 1865. livio-tf PROF. HENRY WURTZ, Formerly Chemieal Examiner in the U.S, Patenl Office, may be ¢mployed professionally as a Scvuenniric Exrr nt. Geologieal Examinations and Reports, Analysis and Assays, ete., ole. Praetilcaladvice and Investigallons in the Chem jeal Arts and Sanutactures. Inyentlon and examinallon of new chemleal inethods ind products. Address, 26 Pine slreet, Rooms 35 and 36, New York. Always in from 12 to 3.30. so= Written comniunications preferred. Important to Gold and Silver Min ers and Companies. PROFESSOR WURTZ, Wholfthe liventor and Patentee of the new and wonder ful uses of SODLUM IN WORKING GOLD AND SILVER ORES ANDO JEWELEKS’ SWEHPINOS#, will furnish at the above address information in relation theroto, together with experimental packages ot SODIUM AMALGAM, All Instructions and experiments elsewhere Bpuriols aud unrelluble. WORKING EXPER AMALGAMATION DF ORES, Elc. Prof. W, has in opera tion fn New Yurk a large and small Denbury Pun, tar work Ing 1,000 or 20-Ib. charges ol materlal lor experlmenta. purposes. Bv17 obtained are INENTS ON G. W. STRONG, ASSAYER AND WORKER OF ORES, No. 10 Stevenson street, near First,San Franclsco. Hichest priee paid for choice lots of Ores, Sulphuieis, As say Ashes, Sweeyics, ie ete. Stndenlsinsirveted In nil branches ot Metallurgy, on liberal terms, ld4viSar. JOHN PERRY, MANUFACTURER OF Cocoanut Matting, Rugs, Mats, Ete. And Cocoanut Fiber for Upholstery. South sido Chestnut street, bet. Polk and Larkin slreets, SAN FRANCISCO, ¥Y A PROCESS ENTIRELY NEW,THR PROPRIETOR Isnow mannfaemrlog epee sufficient to supply the denis nf Ihe trade, A NEW AND SUPERLOR MATE» RIAL FROM THEFIBER OF THE COCOANUT—the hast substitute lor enrled linir hitherto Alscovered—tor mattresses, chairs, lounges, and afl upholsterlig purposes. Vhe followlng are some of the advantages whlch [t pos§-sses over all other materials used for the above named jose: st. Ltischeaper, all things considered, than most arllelesin nse. 2d. 1t is the hest and purest malerial known In tho market, being entirely Jree from nll offensive smell. 3d. Itls the most durable, not being subiecet to rot after years ot exposure to moisturo and dampuess. 4th. It ls remarkable Tir its elustielty, rivaling, In this respect, the finest curled hair. 4th, It contains nothing to breed yermin or snpport inseet Ufe, being entirely Ireed in process of preparation fram all deleterious vegetable matter, Lastly. Itdocs not pack; is lree from dust; much lehter, and in general obviates all the obieclious lo juin, prepared shavings, soap root, and othor inferior substilutes for ealhersand hair. 22v 166m. NOTICE. On and after this date, all parties on the Pacifle esast manufacturing, using, or sellug Duebar's Putent Plston Pucking, must obtain a License for the same from tho undersigned or they will be silbject to the penalties ot the law. HW, 8, SWITIT, tua Iron W x 7li-ain San Franciseo, August 15th, 1868,

nents which then made np tho world were he same, and possessed tho same properies as those now recogitized, ns of course it mits an end to all reasoning upon tbis subect, if this be not granted; for the very sups0sition that the interior of thocarth (with he exact nnture of which we aro and ever nist remain ignorant) was composed of lements unknown to the clicmist, would at yace aunihilato all calculations or deducions. Uaving now an intensely heated world riven us for consideration, itis in the first ylace inferred, that tltis would be composed of bodies of two different claracters—solid wid gasiform; which, by their situation sud rotation, would bring about the formafiou of a molten spbere of tho more refracory bodics, surronuded by an intensely teated gasiform atmosphero of the 1oro volatile. In considering the distribution of tho shemical elements in this sphere and atmosphero, we must be guided by the knowlxlge wo posscss of tho eflect of intenso heat zyion the elementary bodies and their eqmpounds ; and it naturally follows that the noro volatile bodies would remaiu longer in the atmosphere than tlie more refractory ones, which would be condensed previously nto the spltere. It must also be remembered, that at so intense a temperature we should not only find in the atmosphere hose bodies which are gaseous at ordinary lempceratnres, but in addition, many others, sicb as the vapors of various metals, ete., ete., which do not assume that form, exsept when exposed to extremely high heats. The atlinity of bodies for one another would no doubt also be considerably ditferent at this temperature, and their mutual eltemical reactions migbt also be expected to vary considerably from those which are kuown to take place at ordinary temperahires; and it is to be regretted tbat tho ofYects of hent in modifying the affinity of bodies for one another, are as yet but very mmperfcctly understood, although it is proved that they possess a very strong in(lnence in so doing: we know for example, that sodinm will, at comparatively low temperatures, decompose carbonic acid, yet at much higher temperatures, carbon decomposes soda. Again, iron ata red heat desomposes water, whilst bydrogen at a simlar heat decomposes tho oxide of iron. Under tbese circumstances, it is ovident tat great latitude is given to chemists when explaining the reactious which may be conjectnred to havo characterized this spocb in tbo earth's history, as at present it wonld be impossible to produce sufficient axperimental evidence, to prove or disprove various different and apparently contradictory Opinions which might be advanced to iccount for snch phenomena. I shall therefore here give a summary of the main conclusions, wbich the examination of this subject has caused me to arrive at, and theu go into an examination of the arguments for and against their adoption. Supposing the graud battle of chomical sambination at an eud, and the compounds so formed, resting as it were during an avinistice of neutralization, whilstatthe same ime the whole world still continued in a state of intcnse incandescence, I bave venimred to imagine the state of tbings at this moment, as follows :— Both in the molten sphere, and in the atmosphere surrounding it, the first impulso of theso uewly formed compounds would be to obey the laws of gravity, and so arrange themselves in strata or zones according to their respective densities; here I would remark that these separatious are ouly to be regarded as approximative, for there would always be some greater or less uimixture of the snbstauce of one zone with another, cither from mechanical enfanelemcnt or diffusion. The solid spbere would resolve itself oto some three grand zones (probably with ons) itis imagined, somewhat as folows :— jin external layer or ernst of highly acid jilicates, with most probably much free juartz, tbe bases of thesc silicates being thifly alumina and potash with minor quan‘ities of soda, lime, magnesia, etc. Below his a second zone of silicates of more basic tharacter and greater density, the bases beQ¢ lime, maguesia, alumiua, oxide of iron, oda, with but minor quantities of potash, ite. ; and still deeper, a far denser sphere or incleus, eontaining most of the denser mewlic elemcnts, in part, at least, in eombilation with sulphur, arsenic, etc. (Goutinued In our next.) ars Franxiin introduced broom-cora into his country. Previonsly, brooms were aade of evergreen bougiis. Rar fell in considerable quantities on Wednesday and Thursday uights, The Mining and Scientific Press. ROOTS PATENT FORCE BLAST ROTARY BLOWER. Patented Nov. Ist, 1562; July 2b, 146653 und Oct. ¥, 1N66. Awarded the First Premium at the Paris exposition. 2 SS {ATEN I ti} a ‘ Mt a ADAPTED REQUIRES FOR Smelting, itty Per Cent. Found, af LESS POWER Mining ard Than any Blower Stenamslips. Now in use, One of these Blowers may he seen on exhihition at W. T. Garratt’s Brass Foundry, corner of Mission and Fremont streets. They are also in use atthe Almaden Quicksilver Mine; Gridley’s Foundry, Gold Hill, Nevada ; Aetna Iron Works, San Francisco, and many other places. Caution.—Purchasers will find it to their advantage to apply direct to the Stockton Agency. as certain parties, not authorized to manufacture the Blower, have put in the market machines of inferior construction, which do not answer all the reqnirements of the genuine article. For circulars and further information, address KEEP, BLAKE & CO., re 4v16 3m Globe Iron Works, Stockton, Cal, Patt: She PoOHNS’ Pe 7 ei eee iN CEN TRA TO, For Saving Gold and Sliver Snlphurcts, This invention, a perspective view of which is given above, consists in applying machinery to the ordinary buddle, and rendering the same automatie in action) It is calculated to do a large amount of work. One Muchimre, costing about $1,400, is sufficient to work the Sunds from 25 to 30 Stuinps. But very little power is required, It can be easily run by one man turning a crank. The principle on which it works is entirely

dissimilar from any other machine now used on tho Pacific Coast; although it is in almost universal nse in Europe; but not so arranged there ns to be automatic in action. The illustration given herewith, was fully described in the Mining and Scientific Press of March 21, 1868. One of these machines may be seen in constant operation at the Eureka (Watt’s) mine in Grass Valley, where it is giving the fullest satisfiction, and is working all the tailings from thirty stamps, Another machine may be seen at the Banner mill, in Nevada, and a third below the Gould & Curry Company’s mill, near Virginia City. For further information, apply to Tuomas N. Panu, Grass Valley, California. PAINE, STEPHENS & HARRY. lavlécow Metallurgy. KUSTEL & HOFMANN, Metallurgists and Assayer Gold and Silver Bullion Assayed. MINERAL ASSAYS & ANALYSIS MADE, 611 Conimerelal Street, San Francisco, SLLVER AND GOLD ONES worked In small lots up to lundred pounds, by Chlprination and other metbods, T8¥ 16 Q. TAYLOR WM. 1, TAYLOR. ROBERT TAYLOR & CoO., METALLURERGISTS. SMELTING WORKS, Corner Folsom and Eleventh streets, SIMMONS, ROWE & CO., Agents Corner Fine and Sansome Streets, Sau Franelsco. GALVANIZING. Algo. Antifrictlon, Alloys fur Journals, Type and Slamppling Metals, Thiners' and tlumbers’ Soller, ele., etc. ga~ he bestprice given Iur the most rebellious or refrac.ory ores, Ures aud na ite eae assayed and analyzed. Zev 16-tt JOHN TAYLOR & CO. IMPORTERS, AND DEALENS IN ASSAYERS’ MATERIALS, Druggists’ & Chemists’ Glassware Photographic Stock, Ete. 612 and 514 Washington Street, SAN FRANCISCO. Ws are recelying dlrectftrom MESARS. LADD & OKRTLING (London) and BEEKER & SUNS (Antwerp, Belglum) their superior ASSAY AND BULLION BALANCES, And from France and Germany, as well as the Eastern Slates, FURNACES, CRUCIBLE, MUFFLES, BLOW-P1PE CASES, GOLD SCALES, CHEMICAL GLASSWARE, and every artlel¢ required for ASSAY OFFICES, LABORATO RIES, ele, We have glyen this branch of our business par ticular attention, to select such articles as are necessary hi_ the development of the mineral wealth ot thls coasi. A Full Assortment of DRUGGISTS' KbLASSWARE and DRUGGISTS’ SUNDRIES, ACIDS and CHEMICALS, con stantly on hand. San Franeisco March 6, 1865. livio-tf PROF. HENRY WURTZ, Formerly Chemieal Examiner in the U.S, Patenl Office, may be ¢mployed professionally as a Scvuenniric Exrr nt. Geologieal Examinations and Reports, Analysis and Assays, ete., ole. Praetilcaladvice and Investigallons in the Chem jeal Arts and Sanutactures. Inyentlon and examinallon of new chemleal inethods ind products. Address, 26 Pine slreet, Rooms 35 and 36, New York. Always in from 12 to 3.30. so= Written comniunications preferred. Important to Gold and Silver Min ers and Companies. PROFESSOR WURTZ, Wholfthe liventor and Patentee of the new and wonder ful uses of SODLUM IN WORKING GOLD AND SILVER ORES ANDO JEWELEKS’ SWEHPINOS#, will furnish at the above address information in relation theroto, together with experimental packages ot SODIUM AMALGAM, All Instructions and experiments elsewhere Bpuriols aud unrelluble. WORKING EXPER AMALGAMATION DF ORES, Elc. Prof. W, has in opera tion fn New Yurk a large and small Denbury Pun, tar work Ing 1,000 or 20-Ib. charges ol materlal lor experlmenta. purposes. Bv17 obtained are INENTS ON G. W. STRONG, ASSAYER AND WORKER OF ORES, No. 10 Stevenson street, near First,San Franclsco. Hichest priee paid for choice lots of Ores, Sulphuieis, As say Ashes, Sweeyics, ie ete. Stndenlsinsirveted In nil branches ot Metallurgy, on liberal terms, ld4viSar. JOHN PERRY, MANUFACTURER OF Cocoanut Matting, Rugs, Mats, Ete. And Cocoanut Fiber for Upholstery. South sido Chestnut street, bet. Polk and Larkin slreets, SAN FRANCISCO, ¥Y A PROCESS ENTIRELY NEW,THR PROPRIETOR Isnow mannfaemrlog epee sufficient to supply the denis nf Ihe trade, A NEW AND SUPERLOR MATE» RIAL FROM THEFIBER OF THE COCOANUT—the hast substitute lor enrled linir hitherto Alscovered—tor mattresses, chairs, lounges, and afl upholsterlig purposes. Vhe followlng are some of the advantages whlch [t pos§-sses over all other materials used for the above named jose: st. Ltischeaper, all things considered, than most arllelesin nse. 2d. 1t is the hest and purest malerial known In tho market, being entirely Jree from nll offensive smell. 3d. Itls the most durable, not being subiecet to rot after years ot exposure to moisturo and dampuess. 4th. It ls remarkable Tir its elustielty, rivaling, In this respect, the finest curled hair. 4th, It contains nothing to breed yermin or snpport inseet Ufe, being entirely Ireed in process of preparation fram all deleterious vegetable matter, Lastly. Itdocs not pack; is lree from dust; much lehter, and in general obviates all the obieclious lo juin, prepared shavings, soap root, and othor inferior substilutes for ealhersand hair. 22v 166m. NOTICE. On and after this date, all parties on the Pacifle esast manufacturing, using, or sellug Duebar's Putent Plston Pucking, must obtain a License for the same from tho undersigned or they will be silbject to the penalties ot the law. HW, 8, SWITIT, tua Iron W x 7li-ain San Franciseo, August 15th, 1868,