Volume 24 (1872) (424 pages)

On On Oy, ©, Ogg OO, OKA OLO LO, O, ee li eee AN JLLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND Rechani¢ od J NpUSTRIAL PROGRESS, Anucntions. BY DEWEY & Co., Patent Solicitors, SAN FRANCISCO, SATURDAY, APRIL 20, 1872. VOLUME XXIV. Number 16. Progress in the Telegraphic Art. Tslegraphing Both Ways, Simultansously, on a Single Wirs. Some considerable interest has been attracted during the past few weeks, to the new improvement in telegraphing recently introduced npon this coast by the Western Union Telegraph Co., which cousists in the feat of sending meseages, in opposite directions, simnltaneonsly, npon a single wire! The attempt has frequently been made to perform a simular feat with railroad traine npon a single track, but hitherto without enccess; but in telegraphy the thing ie now actually accomplished, as may be seen evcry day at the Western Union Telegraph offico, on California street. When the electric telegraph was first brought into practical operation by the late Prof. Morse, it required two wires to completo the circuit and convey a eignal from one point to another. Suheequently, however, it was discovered that by carrying a wire down into the earth at each end of the line, one wire could be dispensed with—the earth and two ground wires taking the place of the retnrn wire. This was considered at the time the ne plus ultra of telegraphing. But science knows no limit to progress, and ecarce ten years hed paseed ere the single line gave promise of becoming donble, by an ingenous device—the germ of the double transmiseion system above referred to. For several years after the first inception of this invention by Frischer, of the then Kingdom of Hanover, improvements were made from time to time until Mr. Joseph Stearns of Bostou, Mass., finally prodnecd the device herewith shown, by which the eystem has now become oneof great practical value. How it is Done. In the ordinary manner of transmitting eignals from one station to another, as from K to J<’, as ehown in the accompanying illustration, when the key at K is depressed and contact made at @ with the positive pole of the battery, E, a signal is made to pase on throngh 6 1, and the relay Jf to 3, over the line AB, throngh 7 and the relay Jf to 5, to }’ and the negative pole, a’, of the battery, EZ’. The ground wireec and c’ G’ being adjusted to take the place of the return wire, which wae employed, as above said, on the earliest telegraphs. Ona main wire, eo adjusted, a signal could be sent only one way at the same time. The modification of the device by which it ie made possible to tranemit signale both ways at the eame time is as follows:— In the ordinary device the relaye Jf and Jf’ were wound with single wires in one direction ; but in the double transmiseion system, which we will now describe, they are wound with two wires in opposite directions. The eecond wire passes from 1 throngh 2 around relay Jf to 4, thence through a “‘reeistance coil,”’ X, to the ground wire, c G. A similar arrangement is connected with the opposite station at B,as shown, where, howover, the positive {pole of the battery ie connected with the ground. The result of this arrangement is that when a current is eent from the battery, £, it is divided at 1, one-half passing through the relay, JJ, by the wire wound, say from left to right, and via 1and3 to the main line of wire, A, and station at B; while the other half passes through the relay by the wire wound from right to left and via 2and 4 through X tothe ground wire ce, @ The same conuection and division of currents will be noticed by the correeponding lettering of the station at B—the half current passing thence to the etation at A. It is by this division of the electrio current —ono-half going to the ground and the other over the wire—that it is found possible to eend meeenages both waye at the same time, without any interference of the one with the other. It must not be understood, however, that any portion of the signals are conveyed by the ground current, as eome of our Enetern ecientific cotemporaries have stated. All the signale pass and repass over the one main wire, The philosophy of the thing is well understood by such electricians as have made the subject a matter of etudy; bnt it ie rather too abstruse to be clearly defined to the ordinary reader. In the practical working of the syetem two instrumente are placed upon a table, at each . end of the line, one of which receivee, while the other simultaneously sends messages—a low partition being placed acrose the centre of the table, between the receiver and sender, to DEVICE FOR TELEGRAPHING BOTH WAYS, SIMULTANEOUSLY, ON A SINGLE WIRE. prevent the eound of the instruments from interfering with cach other. Only one condition ie requisite to the perfect working of the syetem, and that ie that the current mnst be equally divided at 1 and 65. This reeult is secured by an ingenious adjustable arrangement at the two points of resistance, Xand X’. It would be difficulty to explain thie principle, or the adjuetable nature of thie resistance, or ‘‘rheostat’’ as it is technically called; bnt the devise is perfectly familiar to every electrician. Ifa wire, eay 100 miles in length between two stations, ie in perfect working order, the “‘ rheoetat’”? (X) must be equivalent in ite reeistance to the reeietance encountered by a perfectly insulated wire of that length. Bnt if by reason of unfavorable weather, or imperfect insulation, a greater resistance is encountered on the main wire, making it equivalent to say 150 milee in length, the extra 50 miles can be instantly applied to X, and the balance be thus kept constant and equal. There are some unimportant details connected with this system, which present greater or leee difficulties, and which to that extent interfere with the perfect working thereof; but there . ie reaeon to believe that research and experience will eventually remove all obstaclee to perfect euccess, in which event the working capacity of every telegraph line will be doubled—a reeult the value of which can ecarcely be estimated in dollars and cents. The Weetern Union Telegraph Company have recently acquired the exclusive ownership for the United States of the patents secured by Mr, Stearne, for his duplex inetruments, which cover tho most valuable and practicable devices for ntilizing thie latest marvel in telegraphic progrese. The duplex instruments have been in practical service for some time in New York, and their operation here ie eaid to be so satisfactory that the company proposes to introdnce them into all their offices on this coast, where the press of bnsineee may require them. ‘The firet experiments made in this city with thie system were conducted by Mr. S. D. Field, the well known electrician of the Western Union Company of this city. Honors To Proressor Morse.—Notcontent with showering honors upon the head of the illnstrious discoverer of the telegraph, when alive, the whole world has combined in passing resolutions in respect to his memory. An immense andience as-. sembled in the hall of the House of Representatives in Washington on the 16th inst., to attend the memorial services in his honor. The hall was filled with the Executive and Legislative dignitaries including the President and Cabinet, Supreme Judges, Senators, Representatives and Territorial and Municipal authorities of the District of Columbia. In the diplomatio gallery were the representatives of every foreign country accredited to the government. Telegraphic instruments in the room were incessantly in motion with messages from every partof the globe. Speeches were made and messages read by Cyrus W. Field, from the Anglo-American Telegraph Co., of London; from the Submarine Telegraph Association; from the Telegraph Association of Egypt; and from the telegraph companies of Japan, China and Australia, all of the same date and all nnanimous in sentiments of condolence to the United States for the loss sustained to science and the world at large, in the death of Professor Morse. Dispatches were read from the Chambers of Commerce of Hongkong, Singapore and Bombay, and the prinoipal oities of the United States, through their municipal authorities, also sent suitable dispatches, San Francisco among the number. Gold on the Northern Coast. The sands of the sea beach for some distance along the npper part of this coast and the coset of Oregon, oontain a amall proportion of gold, and have been worked with some profit for a number of years. Little is heard from these mines, and the following information concerning them from Mr. A. Bronson of Randolph, Coos Co., Oregon, will be fonnd of interest: This coast from Coos Bay south for 200 miles or more, may be termed the gold coast of the United States. It has been laid off in districts, and claims located and worked under local mining regulations. The flood tides bring up the auriferous black sand, which, when sufficiently rich, is gathered and removed when the tide is out, and washed at leisure. Gold has also recently been found back from the coast, at various distances, and at several localities. From two to twelve miles north of the Coquille, andfrom one to two miles from the present beach, and 180 feet by measurement above tide water, isan auriferous deposit of black sand extending for several miles in length, which carries from $2.50 to $40 per ton, the latter figure said to have been attained by experimental working in this city. This deposit is known as the Pioneer lead, and is ascertained to be from 300 to 500 feet broad and 10 to 12 feet thick on its western or sea margin. It gathers to an edge on its npper or northers side, contains logs of lignite and often tasteless gum resin. It is covered with from 40 to 60 feet of drift sand, mnch of which is like soft rock, and this again is covered with a heavy forest, many trees being from 4 to 6 feet in diameter, and 50 to 200 feet high. This timber is heavier further back and lighter as you reach the sea, with unmistakable evidence that similar forests have preceded the present. The more elevated deposits of anriferous sands were evidently thrown up by the waves of early geological ages, sinoe which time the coast there, as throughout the entire western coast of the continent, has been gradnally elevated, until the sea has been driven back in some places many miles from its former shore line. A Sianau SERVIOE STATION IN ALASKA. Chas. P. Fish, of the Signal Service, has been sent on to establish a station at St. Panls’ Island in Alaska. He is to take observations on the tides, phenomena of storms, temperature of the sea, icebergs in Behring Straits, ete. He is also to obtain information concerning ice obstrnctions in Behring Straits, anroral displays, electric discharges and proportion of foggy and clear weather. He will endeavor to ascertain the precise direction of the great current of the northern Pacific, which runs along the coast. The results of these observations will no donbt be of great interest not only in a scientific point of view, but also as they effect the general Orper and system render all things eney. qnestions of commerce, climate, etc.

On On Oy, ©, Ogg OO, OKA OLO LO, O, ee li eee AN JLLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND Rechani¢ od J NpUSTRIAL PROGRESS, Anucntions. BY DEWEY & Co., Patent Solicitors, SAN FRANCISCO, SATURDAY, APRIL 20, 1872. VOLUME XXIV. Number 16. Progress in the Telegraphic Art. Tslegraphing Both Ways, Simultansously, on a Single Wirs. Some considerable interest has been attracted during the past few weeks, to the new improvement in telegraphing recently introduced npon this coast by the Western Union Telegraph Co., which cousists in the feat of sending meseages, in opposite directions, simnltaneonsly, npon a single wire! The attempt has frequently been made to perform a simular feat with railroad traine npon a single track, but hitherto without enccess; but in telegraphy the thing ie now actually accomplished, as may be seen evcry day at the Western Union Telegraph offico, on California street. When the electric telegraph was first brought into practical operation by the late Prof. Morse, it required two wires to completo the circuit and convey a eignal from one point to another. Suheequently, however, it was discovered that by carrying a wire down into the earth at each end of the line, one wire could be dispensed with—the earth and two ground wires taking the place of the retnrn wire. This was considered at the time the ne plus ultra of telegraphing. But science knows no limit to progress, and ecarce ten years hed paseed ere the single line gave promise of becoming donble, by an ingenous device—the germ of the double transmiseion system above referred to. For several years after the first inception of this invention by Frischer, of the then Kingdom of Hanover, improvements were made from time to time until Mr. Joseph Stearns of Bostou, Mass., finally prodnecd the device herewith shown, by which the eystem has now become oneof great practical value. How it is Done. In the ordinary manner of transmitting eignals from one station to another, as from K to J<’, as ehown in the accompanying illustration, when the key at K is depressed and contact made at @ with the positive pole of the battery, E, a signal is made to pase on throngh 6 1, and the relay Jf to 3, over the line AB, throngh 7 and the relay Jf to 5, to }’ and the negative pole, a’, of the battery, EZ’. The ground wireec and c’ G’ being adjusted to take the place of the return wire, which wae employed, as above said, on the earliest telegraphs. Ona main wire, eo adjusted, a signal could be sent only one way at the same time. The modification of the device by which it ie made possible to tranemit signale both ways at the eame time is as follows:— In the ordinary device the relaye Jf and Jf’ were wound with single wires in one direction ; but in the double transmiseion system, which we will now describe, they are wound with two wires in opposite directions. The eecond wire passes from 1 throngh 2 around relay Jf to 4, thence through a “‘reeistance coil,”’ X, to the ground wire, c G. A similar arrangement is connected with the opposite station at B,as shown, where, howover, the positive {pole of the battery ie connected with the ground. The result of this arrangement is that when a current is eent from the battery, £, it is divided at 1, one-half passing through the relay, JJ, by the wire wound, say from left to right, and via 1and3 to the main line of wire, A, and station at B; while the other half passes through the relay by the wire wound from right to left and via 2and 4 through X tothe ground wire ce, @ The same conuection and division of currents will be noticed by the correeponding lettering of the station at B—the half current passing thence to the etation at A. It is by this division of the electrio current —ono-half going to the ground and the other over the wire—that it is found possible to eend meeenages both waye at the same time, without any interference of the one with the other. It must not be understood, however, that any portion of the signals are conveyed by the ground current, as eome of our Enetern ecientific cotemporaries have stated. All the signale pass and repass over the one main wire, The philosophy of the thing is well understood by such electricians as have made the subject a matter of etudy; bnt it ie rather too abstruse to be clearly defined to the ordinary reader. In the practical working of the syetem two instrumente are placed upon a table, at each . end of the line, one of which receivee, while the other simultaneously sends messages—a low partition being placed acrose the centre of the table, between the receiver and sender, to DEVICE FOR TELEGRAPHING BOTH WAYS, SIMULTANEOUSLY, ON A SINGLE WIRE. prevent the eound of the instruments from interfering with cach other. Only one condition ie requisite to the perfect working of the syetem, and that ie that the current mnst be equally divided at 1 and 65. This reeult is secured by an ingenious adjustable arrangement at the two points of resistance, Xand X’. It would be difficulty to explain thie principle, or the adjuetable nature of thie resistance, or ‘‘rheostat’’ as it is technically called; bnt the devise is perfectly familiar to every electrician. Ifa wire, eay 100 miles in length between two stations, ie in perfect working order, the “‘ rheoetat’”? (X) must be equivalent in ite reeistance to the reeietance encountered by a perfectly insulated wire of that length. Bnt if by reason of unfavorable weather, or imperfect insulation, a greater resistance is encountered on the main wire, making it equivalent to say 150 milee in length, the extra

50 miles can be instantly applied to X, and the balance be thus kept constant and equal. There are some unimportant details connected with this system, which present greater or leee difficulties, and which to that extent interfere with the perfect working thereof; but there . ie reaeon to believe that research and experience will eventually remove all obstaclee to perfect euccess, in which event the working capacity of every telegraph line will be doubled—a reeult the value of which can ecarcely be estimated in dollars and cents. The Weetern Union Telegraph Company have recently acquired the exclusive ownership for the United States of the patents secured by Mr, Stearne, for his duplex inetruments, which cover tho most valuable and practicable devices for ntilizing thie latest marvel in telegraphic progrese. The duplex instruments have been in practical service for some time in New York, and their operation here ie eaid to be so satisfactory that the company proposes to introdnce them into all their offices on this coast, where the press of bnsineee may require them. ‘The firet experiments made in this city with thie system were conducted by Mr. S. D. Field, the well known electrician of the Western Union Company of this city. Honors To Proressor Morse.—Notcontent with showering honors upon the head of the illnstrious discoverer of the telegraph, when alive, the whole world has combined in passing resolutions in respect to his memory. An immense andience as-. sembled in the hall of the House of Representatives in Washington on the 16th inst., to attend the memorial services in his honor. The hall was filled with the Executive and Legislative dignitaries including the President and Cabinet, Supreme Judges, Senators, Representatives and Territorial and Municipal authorities of the District of Columbia. In the diplomatio gallery were the representatives of every foreign country accredited to the government. Telegraphic instruments in the room were incessantly in motion with messages from every partof the globe. Speeches were made and messages read by Cyrus W. Field, from the Anglo-American Telegraph Co., of London; from the Submarine Telegraph Association; from the Telegraph Association of Egypt; and from the telegraph companies of Japan, China and Australia, all of the same date and all nnanimous in sentiments of condolence to the United States for the loss sustained to science and the world at large, in the death of Professor Morse. Dispatches were read from the Chambers of Commerce of Hongkong, Singapore and Bombay, and the prinoipal oities of the United States, through their municipal authorities, also sent suitable dispatches, San Francisco among the number. Gold on the Northern Coast. The sands of the sea beach for some distance along the npper part of this coast and the coset of Oregon, oontain a amall proportion of gold, and have been worked with some profit for a number of years. Little is heard from these mines, and the following information concerning them from Mr. A. Bronson of Randolph, Coos Co., Oregon, will be fonnd of interest: This coast from Coos Bay south for 200 miles or more, may be termed the gold coast of the United States. It has been laid off in districts, and claims located and worked under local mining regulations. The flood tides bring up the auriferous black sand, which, when sufficiently rich, is gathered and removed when the tide is out, and washed at leisure. Gold has also recently been found back from the coast, at various distances, and at several localities. From two to twelve miles north of the Coquille, andfrom one to two miles from the present beach, and 180 feet by measurement above tide water, isan auriferous deposit of black sand extending for several miles in length, which carries from $2.50 to $40 per ton, the latter figure said to have been attained by experimental working in this city. This deposit is known as the Pioneer lead, and is ascertained to be from 300 to 500 feet broad and 10 to 12 feet thick on its western or sea margin. It gathers to an edge on its npper or northers side, contains logs of lignite and often tasteless gum resin. It is covered with from 40 to 60 feet of drift sand, mnch of which is like soft rock, and this again is covered with a heavy forest, many trees being from 4 to 6 feet in diameter, and 50 to 200 feet high. This timber is heavier further back and lighter as you reach the sea, with unmistakable evidence that similar forests have preceded the present. The more elevated deposits of anriferous sands were evidently thrown up by the waves of early geological ages, sinoe which time the coast there, as throughout the entire western coast of the continent, has been gradnally elevated, until the sea has been driven back in some places many miles from its former shore line. A Sianau SERVIOE STATION IN ALASKA. Chas. P. Fish, of the Signal Service, has been sent on to establish a station at St. Panls’ Island in Alaska. He is to take observations on the tides, phenomena of storms, temperature of the sea, icebergs in Behring Straits, ete. He is also to obtain information concerning ice obstrnctions in Behring Straits, anroral displays, electric discharges and proportion of foggy and clear weather. He will endeavor to ascertain the precise direction of the great current of the northern Pacific, which runs along the coast. The results of these observations will no donbt be of great interest not only in a scientific point of view, but also as they effect the general Orper and system render all things eney. qnestions of commerce, climate, etc.