Volume 24 (1872) (424 pages)

January 20, 1872. ] SCIENTIFIC PRESS. 39 qi — Boru LAR (J ECTURES. Industrial and Agricultural Needs of the State. [By Prof, Ezua 8, Canr, of the Cal. State Vulversity, before the Mecmanic Arta CoLieGe, Mechaules’ lnstt tute Hall, 8. F. Reported expressly for the Press.] Lectrirz No. IV, Jax. 18, 1872 —The course of lectures hefore the Mechanics’ Arts College was resumed on Saturday evening hefore o full class. Mr. Hallidie announced that the next lecture of the course wonld he delived hy Professor Kellogg of the Chair of English Literature in the University. Prof. Carr anuonuced as his suhject the ‘‘Industrial and Agricultural needs of the State.’ He hegun by contrasting the present conditiou of the English lahorers with those in America; and thonght that the greatest proof of the power of free institutions lay in the amount of information possessed hy American laborere in the face of the carelessness shown in their education, and if Europe was daily more and more preparing for a republican form of government, how careful shonld onr Government he to secure the perpetuation of its freedom hy a thorough edneation of its working classes. The first great requirement in this land is the fullest and most _liheral education of of the massee. It is not sutlicient, in order to traina hoy to yote intelligeutly upon the question of free trade, that he ehould simply understand arithmetic and grammar bnt that he should be lihorally educated. The time is approaching when ecientific study of hnman nature will he a nocessity. Until the laws of life and the manner in which they affect social problems are learned and understood, legislation will remain a series of legalized experiments. A vital question is how shall we educate our yonng men so as to make more farmers, mechanies and producers. The lecturer gave a very graphic account of the causes which have led to the decline to the country and farm lifo in its social aspect, and said that one man, by leaving a rural home for the pleasnyes of city -life ou the acquirement of riches, would unsettle the minde of many of his neighbors and render them diseatisfied with their lot. Pcople must rely upon co-operation and community and hegin to care’ more for neighbore than for acres. The people of the little settlement of Anaheim have profited hy understanding this principle. While drawing a vivid ;picturo of rural life and labor, he said that it was useleee to eulogize callings from which farmers’ and mechanics’ eons were turning in diegust. When they grew up they began to soe that the trades of their fathers kept them in a lower poeition iu the social ecale than they wished to he, and they desired to hecome clerks and ahandon the business of their fathers as beneath them. He alIuded to the fact that already in California we are to-day looking to the lower clase of foreign immigration for manufacturers, mechanics and lahorers in the field. We must learn, and at last are beginning to learn, that the farm and factory are to be the foundations of euccees in this State as in other ones. Tbe lecturer gave a graphic account ofthe causee which led to the decline of country life, attributed it to defective education, aud advocated esthetical culture as its cure. The prejudice against ‘‘ book learning” on agricultural matters, and the old notion shout ‘mother wit and plenty of manure,” has passed away and had its day. Inventors, mechanics and newspapers are rapidly hringing ahout a proper acknowledgment of the henefits of science as applied to the affairs of every-day life, and in onlightening and improving the world. The increasing popularity of agricultural and mechanical colleges ie one of the hest assurances of a rapid change for the hetter. The lecturer fol!owed with a highly interesting aecount of the agricn]tural and mechanical colleges of Europe, especially those of Prnssia, where the government at the expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars annually maintains ond supports schools and colleges devoted to the practical teaching of agriculture, mechanic and productive arts. Here thousands of scholars, from the sons of nobles to those of the poorest peasant, reccive a liberal cducation at the expense of the government; and some of them do mannal lahor in the fields and workshops, and attend the schools during their leisnre time. Prof. Curr here reviewed the condition of the same institutions in this country, which are yet in their infuney, and gave a deseription of what our own State University intends to do, paid a glowing tribute tothe Regents for their liheral spirit in throwing opeu the doors to all, withont distinction of sex, and closed the leeture with an eloquent tribute to agriculture as the first foundation of all arts. : Usepun INFORMATION, ' Coxoorp Axves.—For fifty years the nawe of Concord, N. H., has heeu familiar on every stage road as a great center for the manufacture of coaches, and, iu mauy sections of the country, famous not only for its coaches, but also for its wagons and carriages of almost every description. Many shops throughout the couutry may claim to produce as finely finished work, hut for durability and perfect action none have more justly deserved the cnviahle reputation they have acquired than the Concord manufacturers. One very important reason of the superiority of their manufacture has heen the quality of tho axles used. Itis claimed by Messrs. D. Arthur Brown & Co,, proprietors of the Concord Axle works, located at Fishorville, a village in the town of Concord, N. H., that the material used hy them in the manufacture of axles is of a quality superior to that usually employed for thie purpose, and that by process of manufacture peculiar to them, their axles wear longer, run truer, and carry a heavier load than any in market. The present firm commenced oporations in 1864, the husinees of the establishment having been previously hogun iu 1858. They are now manufacturing from 200 to 250 tons of finished axles, hesides ahout 300 tons of etove and other castiugs per annum. Their goods are sold extensively throughout Now England, in many of the Western cities, and largely in California and along the Pacific Coast. An Inpnovep Crocintr.—A crucible for melting metal has been invented, which consists in providing the ordinary crucible of plumhago or other substance with a flue or passage from the bottom to the top, for allowing the heat to act upon the center of the mass of metal contained iu the crucihle more directly than it otherwise can. This passage is surrounded hy a ehell or tuhe of the same material of which the crucible is made. The inventor also grooyee, or indents, or conetructs the sides of the crucible, hoth iuside and out, so ae to form projections to interlock with the paste or clay or othor substance with which the crucible is coated, to cause the coatings to he retained much longer than they now are, thereby preserving the erucihle much longer, and reducing the cost of melting eteel or other metals. Tue suhstitution of slate for boxwood in engraving is found to bo specially adapted for engravinge in relief. itis etated that while hlocke of slate are easily cut, they will wear as well as electrotypes, and furnish over one hundred thousand sharp impressions without loss of detail. The plates are not affected by oilor water, do not vary with temperature, and never become warped, which is the grand fault with box wood under certain conditions. Rarsine Sinkwornms.—Carret, of Chambery, by a peculiar eyetem of warming a and ventilation, is said to have reduced the period of breeding silkworme to eighteen or twenty days. As an evidence of the advantages which ecericulture hae derived from scientific rosearch, M. G. Raulin states that an ounce of the egge furnished by M. Pasteur yield about three times as much silk as au ouuce of the ordinary eges. A Bie eel in a water-pipe stopped a three hundred horse-power engine in Lancaster Mills, Clinton, a few days eince. Qoop Hequrh. Doctors and their Fees. Only quacks advertise “No cnre, no pay.” <All honorahle physicians charge for their time and trouble in proportion to their talent and reputation, no matter whether the patient remains sick, or gets hettcr, gcts worse, or dics. Many physicians make a discrimination in regurd to theso charges, according to the wealth of the patient; aud this appears no more thin fuir, as a poor man is nnahle to pay as much asarvich man. Not that his life is worth less; it may be worth more, for all that, as the poor mau may perform useful labor, while the rich man may be a useless cousumer of the goods of creation; but that ought not to’cause a physician to charge a rich man less, as the best rule for them is, to let the rich pay for the poor, and to help the very poor for nothing, as all respectable doctors actually do. The Medical Gazette reports that previous to the thirteenth centnry tho law regulated the fee for doctors proportionally to tho rank of the patient; so for curing a hishop or local chief, he had forty-two cows, and for a member of the lowest rank only six cows. This was for serious complaints; for slight complaiuts, it wae less in proportion, and if no cure was performed, there was no pay. Dio Lewis declares that our present system of employing doctors is all wrong, and advisee people to make contracts with them at $200 for each family, aud a deduction of two dollars for each case of sickness. This is the Chinese system. There every family of note has its physician, who has a salary of a certain eum per head, to keep them all in good health. The amount of this salary is according to the social condition of the family and the reputation of the doctor. As soon asa member of the family is sick, his share in the salary is stopped, and not commenced again before his health is restored. It is seen that the doctors in China are not encouraged to protract the sickness of rich persone, as is the caee with us. The Use of Camphor. Wheu the mucous memhrane of the uosc, frontal sinuses, etc,, is affected hy catarth, a stroug solution of camphor frequently and for some hours snuffed up the nose, and five or six drops taken iuternally ou a lump of eugar, at first for every ten minutes, then every hour, will usually put a stop to the affection. Ordinary cold and even iufiluenza, if treated in this mauuer at the very beginning of the attack, are generally controlled by the same treatment, Attacks of incessant sneezing and profuse rnnuing at'tho eyes and nose will generally yield to a strong solution of camphor diligently sniffed up$the nose. In summer diarrhoea no remedy is so eflicacious as camphor, if employed at the very commencement of the disease; later it ie without effect. Its influence over cholera is equally remarkahle. Dose: six drops of a strong alcoholic solution of camphor, given at first every ten minutes; afterward, ae the symptoms abate, less frequently. To Avoid the Ague, Epitors Press:—There are a few malarious dietricts in California where ague or chills and fever are more or less prevalent. A residence of 20 years in one of the most malarious districts of Michigan, and a close observation of cause and effect, convinced me that one of the best preventives to ward off the attack of this troublesome malady, is found in fortifying the stomach with a full, hearty breakfast, as eoon after getting up in the morning as possible, and hefore taking hold of any of the severe labors of the day. We TREATMENT oF Foorsorenrss.—The Lancet states that the Inspector-General has directed that every man euffering from feet blistered by marching is to be taken at evening parade to the medical officer, who should cauec him to wash his feet, and then to pass a needle with a worsted thread through each blister, cutting off the thread a little distance outside the blister at each side, aud leaving a portioninit. The part is then to be rubbed with common soap, the sock put on and wetted over all promineut poiuts, and the soap agaiu ruhbed over them freely. When properly attended to, no man should be unable to march the following day on account of blistered feet, unless the cuticle hae actually been removed, leaying a raw surface exposed. Biliousness. Persons inclined to hiliousness should earefnlly avoid all mental disturhance or excitement at meal time, or just hefore or after it. Itiswonderfnl with what promptness in eome iudividuals the least mental exeitement or disturhance will stop digestiou in the stomach; eating too hurtiedly; a little vexation hecause the dinner is not ready or hecause it is not cooked to suit; being engrossed in some perplexing thought or revolving somo wild echeme while cating, are all so many injunctione on the stomach-work of sensitive hodies. Time to eat should he taken, and no more than on the sanctity of the family devotions, should anything else be allowed to encroach. We ought at that time to consign to a momentary banishment all petulance and had tempers, and be, for the time, smiles and henignity all over. The digestion of animal foods is not interfered with to nearly asgreat a degree by niental and uervous causes as that of vegetable origin; hence it is proper to eat quite largely of meats and milk, hut they—the meats—should be carefully prepared with regard to digestion. We canuot but believe that the lining of the etomach which induces many of these attacks, is brought abont hy too freqnent meals. Many do not allow time for digestion and rest for the organism betweeu the meals, a second eating of hearty food is brought for digestion, hefore the first is fairly disposed of. People ought to arise early enongh to take an early hreakfast, or else they should take a very light one, and the supper ought to be postponed until at least six hours after dinner. For bilious attacks of spring we must regulate our diet to the changing of the season. Decrease the amount of fat producing, carhonaceous food consumed; ent less fat meat—hetter eat none at all; discard the ham—not the eggs, drop off the buckwheatecakes, and put away the eyrun pitcher for another year, or use it very sparingly. Bring in instead of these—the eggs, lean meat, milk and vegetahles, being always eure to have them cooked with most ecrupulous care as to their digestibility. Avoid constipation, and keep the hody well clad and protected agaiust the cbilling winds of the seasou. Repiantine A Toora.—When the tooth is somewhat loose, and painful to hite on, with ewelling at the gum, and suppuration, the tooth is taken out; all the diseased parts are scraped from the roots, and itis washed and disinfected in carbolie acid, hut those portious of mucous membrane which are commonly attached to the neck of a tooth, and appear healthy, are not scraped away. The socket from which the tooth wae drawn is also properly cleaned, and the tooth is put hacx in its former place, and in a number of cases takes root, and fixes itself firmly in the courso of a fortnight, and then becomes ag serviceable as the other teeth. This is a remarkable instance of vital force. By the small portion of Tiving tissue left adberent to the tooth, attachment to the jaw is renewed; and though failures occur, there is renson to believe that as in other surgical operations, thoy will hecome fewer as the operators acquire experience. The teeth are so important to life aud health, that whatever tends to preserve them should he encouraged. In Fevers.—As long as the patient is able he should sit up out of bed, at least one hour of the day—longer, if be should not he raised while he is perspiring. The bed ehould be constantly made every day, the sheets and linen should he changed every two days, taking, however, the greatest care that they are dry even ae tinder. Nothing more induces to protract a fever than keeping the sick constantly in bed, and withholding a constant and regular supply of fresh linen. HEaLraron Errect or ATMOSPHERIC PRESBURE.—M. P. Bert has been experimenting upon the vital effects of varying atmospheric pressure. He finds that a eudden diminution of pressure to the extent of 15 or 18 centimeters speedily produces death, but if the diminution is gradual, the life of mammals may be eustained even under eo low a pressure as 12 centimetres. The eonsumption of oxygen and the temperature of the body diminish with the diminution of pressure. Tue cundurango, alleged to be a cure fov cancer, is nota tree, as hae been supposed, but a vine similar to the grape, aud its fruit is ahout twelve inches long and four in diameter. The sap of the vine ie the color of milk, and this is believed to contain the valuable elements of the vine.

January 20, 1872. ] SCIENTIFIC PRESS. 39 qi — Boru LAR (J ECTURES. Industrial and Agricultural Needs of the State. [By Prof, Ezua 8, Canr, of the Cal. State Vulversity, before the Mecmanic Arta CoLieGe, Mechaules’ lnstt tute Hall, 8. F. Reported expressly for the Press.] Lectrirz No. IV, Jax. 18, 1872 —The course of lectures hefore the Mechanics’ Arts College was resumed on Saturday evening hefore o full class. Mr. Hallidie announced that the next lecture of the course wonld he delived hy Professor Kellogg of the Chair of English Literature in the University. Prof. Carr anuonuced as his suhject the ‘‘Industrial and Agricultural needs of the State.’ He hegun by contrasting the present conditiou of the English lahorers with those in America; and thonght that the greatest proof of the power of free institutions lay in the amount of information possessed hy American laborere in the face of the carelessness shown in their education, and if Europe was daily more and more preparing for a republican form of government, how careful shonld onr Government he to secure the perpetuation of its freedom hy a thorough edneation of its working classes. The first great requirement in this land is the fullest and most _liheral education of of the massee. It is not sutlicient, in order to traina hoy to yote intelligeutly upon the question of free trade, that he ehould simply understand arithmetic and grammar bnt that he should be lihorally educated. The time is approaching when ecientific study of hnman nature will he a nocessity. Until the laws of life and the manner in which they affect social problems are learned and understood, legislation will remain a series of legalized experiments. A vital question is how shall we educate our yonng men so as to make more farmers, mechanies and producers. The lecturer gave a very graphic account of the causes which have led to the decline to the country and farm lifo in its social aspect, and said that one man, by leaving a rural home for the pleasnyes of city -life ou the acquirement of riches, would unsettle the minde of many of his neighbors and render them diseatisfied with their lot. Pcople must rely upon co-operation and community and hegin to care’ more for neighbore than for acres. The people of the little settlement of Anaheim have profited hy understanding this principle. While drawing a vivid ;picturo of rural life and labor, he said that it was useleee to eulogize callings from which farmers’ and mechanics’ eons were turning in diegust. When they grew up they began to soe that the trades of their fathers kept them in a lower poeition iu the social ecale than they wished to he, and they desired to hecome clerks and ahandon the business of their fathers as beneath them. He alIuded to the fact that already in California we are to-day looking to the lower clase of foreign immigration for manufacturers, mechanics and lahorers in the field. We must learn, and at last are beginning to learn, that the farm and factory are to be the foundations of euccees in this State as in other ones. Tbe lecturer gave a graphic account ofthe causee which led to the decline of country life, attributed it to defective education, aud advocated esthetical culture as its cure. The prejudice against ‘‘ book learning” on agricultural matters, and the old notion shout ‘mother wit and plenty of manure,” has passed away and had its day. Inventors, mechanics and newspapers are rapidly hringing ahout a proper acknowledgment of the henefits of science as applied to the affairs of every-day life, and in onlightening and improving the world. The increasing popularity of agricultural and mechanical colleges ie one of the hest assurances of a rapid change for the hetter. The lecturer fol!owed with a highly interesting aecount of the agricn]tural and mechanical colleges of Europe, especially those of Prnssia, where the government at the expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars annually maintains ond supports schools and colleges devoted to the practical teaching of agriculture, mechanic and productive arts. Here thousands of scholars, from the sons of nobles to those of the poorest peasant, reccive a liberal cducation at the expense of the government; and some of them do mannal lahor in the fields and workshops, and attend the schools during their leisnre time. Prof. Curr here reviewed the condition of the same institutions in this country, which are yet in their infuney, and gave a deseription of what our own State University intends to do, paid a glowing tribute tothe Regents for their liheral spirit in throwing opeu the doors to all, withont distinction of sex, and closed the leeture with an eloquent tribute to agriculture as the first foundation of all arts. : Usepun INFORMATION, ' Coxoorp Axves.—For fifty years the nawe of Concord, N. H., has heeu familiar on every stage road as a great center for the manufacture of coaches, and, iu mauy sections of the country, famous not only for its coaches, but also for its wagons and carriages of almost every description. Many shops throughout the couutry may claim to produce as finely finished work, hut for durability and perfect action none have more justly deserved the cnviahle reputation they have acquired than the Concord manufacturers. One very important reason of the superiority of their manufacture has heen the quality of tho axles used. Itis claimed by Messrs. D. Arthur Brown & Co,, proprietors of the Concord Axle works, located at Fishorville, a village in the town of Concord, N. H., that the material used hy them in the manufacture of axles is of a quality superior to that usually employed for thie purpose, and that by process of manufacture peculiar to them, their axles wear longer, run truer, and carry a heavier load than any in market. The present firm commenced oporations in 1864, the husinees of the establishment having been previously hogun iu 1858. They are now manufacturing from 200 to 250 tons of finished axles, hesides ahout 300 tons of etove and other castiugs per annum. Their goods are sold extensively throughout Now England, in many of the Western cities, and largely in California and along the Pacific Coast. An Inpnovep Crocintr.—A crucible for melting metal has been invented, which consists in providing the ordinary crucible of plumhago or other substance with a flue or passage from the bottom to the top, for allowing the heat to act upon the center of the mass of metal contained iu the crucihle more directly than it otherwise can. This passage is surrounded hy a ehell or tuhe of the same material of which the crucible is made. The inventor also grooyee, or indents, or conetructs the sides of the crucible, hoth iuside and out, so ae to form projections to interlock with the paste or clay or othor substance with which the crucible is coated, to cause the coatings to he retained much longer than they now are, thereby preserving the erucihle much longer, and reducing the cost of melting eteel or other metals. Tue suhstitution of slate for boxwood in engraving is found to bo specially adapted for engravinge in relief. itis etated that while hlocke of slate are easily cut, they will wear as well as electrotypes, and furnish over one hundred thousand sharp impressions without loss of detail. The plates are not affected by oilor water, do not vary with temperature, and never become warped, which is the grand fault with box wood under certain conditions. Rarsine Sinkwornms.—Carret, of Chambery, by a peculiar eyetem of warming a and ventilation, is said to have reduced the period of breeding silkworme to eighteen or twenty days. As an evidence of the advantages which ecericulture hae derived from scientific rosearch, M. G. Raulin states that an ounce of the egge furnished by M. Pasteur yield about three times as much silk as au ouuce of the ordinary eges. A Bie eel in a water-pipe stopped a three hundred horse-power engine in Lancaster Mills, Clinton, a few days eince. Qoop Hequrh. Doctors and their Fees. Only quacks advertise “No cnre, no pay.” <All honorahle physicians charge for their time and trouble in proportion to their talent and reputation, no matter whether the patient remains sick, or gets hettcr, gcts worse, or dics. Many physicians make a discrimination

in regurd to theso charges, according to the wealth of the patient; aud this appears no more thin fuir, as a poor man is nnahle to pay as much asarvich man. Not that his life is worth less; it may be worth more, for all that, as the poor mau may perform useful labor, while the rich man may be a useless cousumer of the goods of creation; but that ought not to’cause a physician to charge a rich man less, as the best rule for them is, to let the rich pay for the poor, and to help the very poor for nothing, as all respectable doctors actually do. The Medical Gazette reports that previous to the thirteenth centnry tho law regulated the fee for doctors proportionally to tho rank of the patient; so for curing a hishop or local chief, he had forty-two cows, and for a member of the lowest rank only six cows. This was for serious complaints; for slight complaiuts, it wae less in proportion, and if no cure was performed, there was no pay. Dio Lewis declares that our present system of employing doctors is all wrong, and advisee people to make contracts with them at $200 for each family, aud a deduction of two dollars for each case of sickness. This is the Chinese system. There every family of note has its physician, who has a salary of a certain eum per head, to keep them all in good health. The amount of this salary is according to the social condition of the family and the reputation of the doctor. As soon asa member of the family is sick, his share in the salary is stopped, and not commenced again before his health is restored. It is seen that the doctors in China are not encouraged to protract the sickness of rich persone, as is the caee with us. The Use of Camphor. Wheu the mucous memhrane of the uosc, frontal sinuses, etc,, is affected hy catarth, a stroug solution of camphor frequently and for some hours snuffed up the nose, and five or six drops taken iuternally ou a lump of eugar, at first for every ten minutes, then every hour, will usually put a stop to the affection. Ordinary cold and even iufiluenza, if treated in this mauuer at the very beginning of the attack, are generally controlled by the same treatment, Attacks of incessant sneezing and profuse rnnuing at'tho eyes and nose will generally yield to a strong solution of camphor diligently sniffed up$the nose. In summer diarrhoea no remedy is so eflicacious as camphor, if employed at the very commencement of the disease; later it ie without effect. Its influence over cholera is equally remarkahle. Dose: six drops of a strong alcoholic solution of camphor, given at first every ten minutes; afterward, ae the symptoms abate, less frequently. To Avoid the Ague, Epitors Press:—There are a few malarious dietricts in California where ague or chills and fever are more or less prevalent. A residence of 20 years in one of the most malarious districts of Michigan, and a close observation of cause and effect, convinced me that one of the best preventives to ward off the attack of this troublesome malady, is found in fortifying the stomach with a full, hearty breakfast, as eoon after getting up in the morning as possible, and hefore taking hold of any of the severe labors of the day. We TREATMENT oF Foorsorenrss.—The Lancet states that the Inspector-General has directed that every man euffering from feet blistered by marching is to be taken at evening parade to the medical officer, who should cauec him to wash his feet, and then to pass a needle with a worsted thread through each blister, cutting off the thread a little distance outside the blister at each side, aud leaving a portioninit. The part is then to be rubbed with common soap, the sock put on and wetted over all promineut poiuts, and the soap agaiu ruhbed over them freely. When properly attended to, no man should be unable to march the following day on account of blistered feet, unless the cuticle hae actually been removed, leaying a raw surface exposed. Biliousness. Persons inclined to hiliousness should earefnlly avoid all mental disturhance or excitement at meal time, or just hefore or after it. Itiswonderfnl with what promptness in eome iudividuals the least mental exeitement or disturhance will stop digestiou in the stomach; eating too hurtiedly; a little vexation hecause the dinner is not ready or hecause it is not cooked to suit; being engrossed in some perplexing thought or revolving somo wild echeme while cating, are all so many injunctione on the stomach-work of sensitive hodies. Time to eat should he taken, and no more than on the sanctity of the family devotions, should anything else be allowed to encroach. We ought at that time to consign to a momentary banishment all petulance and had tempers, and be, for the time, smiles and henignity all over. The digestion of animal foods is not interfered with to nearly asgreat a degree by niental and uervous causes as that of vegetable origin; hence it is proper to eat quite largely of meats and milk, hut they—the meats—should be carefully prepared with regard to digestion. We canuot but believe that the lining of the etomach which induces many of these attacks, is brought abont hy too freqnent meals. Many do not allow time for digestion and rest for the organism betweeu the meals, a second eating of hearty food is brought for digestion, hefore the first is fairly disposed of. People ought to arise early enongh to take an early hreakfast, or else they should take a very light one, and the supper ought to be postponed until at least six hours after dinner. For bilious attacks of spring we must regulate our diet to the changing of the season. Decrease the amount of fat producing, carhonaceous food consumed; ent less fat meat—hetter eat none at all; discard the ham—not the eggs, drop off the buckwheatecakes, and put away the eyrun pitcher for another year, or use it very sparingly. Bring in instead of these—the eggs, lean meat, milk and vegetahles, being always eure to have them cooked with most ecrupulous care as to their digestibility. Avoid constipation, and keep the hody well clad and protected agaiust the cbilling winds of the seasou. Repiantine A Toora.—When the tooth is somewhat loose, and painful to hite on, with ewelling at the gum, and suppuration, the tooth is taken out; all the diseased parts are scraped from the roots, and itis washed and disinfected in carbolie acid, hut those portious of mucous membrane which are commonly attached to the neck of a tooth, and appear healthy, are not scraped away. The socket from which the tooth wae drawn is also properly cleaned, and the tooth is put hacx in its former place, and in a number of cases takes root, and fixes itself firmly in the courso of a fortnight, and then becomes ag serviceable as the other teeth. This is a remarkable instance of vital force. By the small portion of Tiving tissue left adberent to the tooth, attachment to the jaw is renewed; and though failures occur, there is renson to believe that as in other surgical operations, thoy will hecome fewer as the operators acquire experience. The teeth are so important to life aud health, that whatever tends to preserve them should he encouraged. In Fevers.—As long as the patient is able he should sit up out of bed, at least one hour of the day—longer, if be should not he raised while he is perspiring. The bed ehould be constantly made every day, the sheets and linen should he changed every two days, taking, however, the greatest care that they are dry even ae tinder. Nothing more induces to protract a fever than keeping the sick constantly in bed, and withholding a constant and regular supply of fresh linen. HEaLraron Errect or ATMOSPHERIC PRESBURE.—M. P. Bert has been experimenting upon the vital effects of varying atmospheric pressure. He finds that a eudden diminution of pressure to the extent of 15 or 18 centimeters speedily produces death, but if the diminution is gradual, the life of mammals may be eustained even under eo low a pressure as 12 centimetres. The eonsumption of oxygen and the temperature of the body diminish with the diminution of pressure. Tue cundurango, alleged to be a cure fov cancer, is nota tree, as hae been supposed, but a vine similar to the grape, aud its fruit is ahout twelve inches long and four in diameter. The sap of the vine ie the color of milk, and this is believed to contain the valuable elements of the vine.