Volume 26 (1873) (431 pages)

February 22, 1873.] MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS. lal Artificial Stone for Building and Other Purposes. Availiog ourselves of a pleasant day this week, we paida visit to the Frear Stooe Works on Bluxome street, between Fourth and Fifth, and near the freight depots of the Central Pacifio Railroac. Jodging from the amonnt of stone-work we saw in the boildiogs the company must he doing a pretty good husiness. The premises occnpy a space of 300x120 feet, npon which are erected a number of ooe-story bnildings, all connected together, and divided np iuto different spartments. Large bins for storing tbe sand and gravel osed in manufacturing thestone are filled with the suhstances, the former of which is procured from Oakland har. The sand is nsed ina natural state, no melting or orystalliziog being done. The patent onder which tbe Frear Stone Company operato is on the chemical solution which is mixed with the sand or gravel. The fuciog of the stooe is msde of fine white sand, and the back portions of sand and gravel mixed. This facing saod is all selected, so as to be frce from iron or cther impurities, aod isthen thoroughly dried aod sifted to eject the natural moisture. This care eoahles them to get a fine surface to their work. The process of manufacture is exceedingly simple. The sand after beiug dried and sifted is dampened go that it will hold to. gether, with the patented solution. A certain proportion of Portland cemeotis ground fine and mixed with it, andthe whole istamped into moulds previously prepared. After the mixture is pressed in sufficiently it is removed from the monld and setaside to “cure.” After a few days ‘‘curiog,”’ the stone is perfectly solid, but the Company prefer to keep the work at least six weeks, so that there wiilheno danger of hreakage. There is on the premises a vat for drying the same, and a few small mills for grinding and sifting the cement. After the mixingis perfected the material is carried to the monldiog room, and from thence in its proper forms to the drying rooms. The company make their own patierns and have a shop set apart for the purpose. So that if sny one desires any particular design of any kind whatever, he can have the pattern made to suit him, and the stone will he moulded in tbe desired form, In making the moulds the patterns are set inside of a heavy hox in all cases and the mould sct inside of that. They are now engaged in making a numher of burial cases in which coffins may he placed, and the cover of tho case secured with cement, thereby preserving the eontents from the attacks of moisture or air, A number of urns of different sizes, as well as fountains, are being msde, and also several pedestals with the appropriate names upon which the marble statutes at Woodward's Gardens are tohe placed. Considerahle fence and cemetery work is heing done, horse hlocks, building material, ornameutsi work, etc. There is a large amount of Portland cement in the warehonse and more is on the way. At present 20 men are employed They caleulate to furuish the Frear Stone for one-third less for ornamental building and plaio work, then is oharged for natnralsandstone, and for lesa thau half the cost of fiuished granite, This stone ia oow coming into extensive use in this city and elsewhere. Beside the stone nsed in ornaments ou the Niantic Building and Tallant’a New Bank, Bartlett’a Block iu Oakland, three stories high, has the whole frout made of plain aolid Frear Stone. We saw at the office of the Works, photographs of a num ber of huildinga which hive heeu e-ected in New York and Chicago, which show the elaborate designs which may be adopted. There is n piece of atone at the Worka, which was under the effeots of the Chicago fire, which showa no signs of having heen snhjected to heat. The Worke in this city have only been under way since Inst Angust. The experience of the Chicago aud Boston fires has done munch to turn the attention of the pnblio to the necessity of fire-proof building material; for what was aupposed previously to be fire-proof, failed at the moment when these properties wero most uecessary. Granite, which everybody cousidered as a barrier to fire, flaked off in large pieces dnring those conflagrations, and both brick and sandatone crumbled before the flames. The Frear stone, however is aaid to have stood the test admirably, aa numerons atatemeuts verify. Merrill Ladd, Esq., President of the Mutual Inanrance Cumpany of Chicago, writes as follows: “In passing through the ‘‘great fire’’ no signs of flaking, splitting or disintegration were perceptible, aa was the case with all natural stone (even grauite) which was used in this city. I will say, in conclusion that I helieve Frem Stone to be the hest material that can be used for building where atrength, solidity and protection againat fire, are desired.’ Dr. Adolph Ott, in aleotnre on ‘Portland Cementand Portland Cement Stone,” read before the Polytech. nic Clnb of the American Inastitnte, aod pohlished in the Industrial Monthly some moutbs sioce, includes the Frear Stooe amoog the Portland cement stooes and says: ‘To any oue seqouioted witb the chemical composition of cement stone, it mnst at once become evideot that, with regard to its resistance against fire, it onght to supersede most bnilding stones." Tbe company mannfactnring Frear Stone in this city is lucorporated uoder the laws of the State of California and although the prodnet has not been invented long enongb to prove by practice its efficacy agaiust tbe ravages of time atitnent parts: adhesiveness of the cementation; non-liability to fusion or disintegration by fire, Sioce with all these advantages it can be made so cheaply and so rspidly, whatever the design, itis destined in the future to take alarge part inthe construction of edifices in cities and towns. In the couotry it can be made on the spot, provided saud and gravel is to be found in the vicinity, The illustrations showu on this page represeot two buildings constrneted of Frear Stooe; the lower cnt shows the Dwight Place Church, at New Haven, Conn., and the upper one is “THE HALE BOUL and atmospheric iofloeoce, it has successfully horue severe tests of scientific skill. Instead of the action of the moisture of atmosphere, it has been subjected to immersion in boiliog water and the steam bath, without change or injnry. It has been tested in a furnace iostead Pa oo LDING,’ CHICAGO. the ale huilding, a five-story strnctnre 90 fcet hy 100, which is in Chicago. The entire stonework of the church was made from sand cxcavated from the foundation and formed into artificial stone by the Frear process. It is stated that the cost was one-third less than if it had c= bed He " = t We i abe aH oy (ah as 1 . Ec in Oeste i TSN Tenia AEA el aia cet a i — “he ii} yee teg hs, i a 1 i a Hye) al ary a LX oy 1/7 3 4 q He “aU 3 fi 6 (ja : ‘ on HyaNa ote aL vahalelslo cal Reha i} i aa CHURCH AT NEW HAVEN, BUILT OF FREAR STONE. ofin the snn. Instead of the corrosive gasea of imanufacturing town, using coulfor its fires, it has been placed in a bath of sulphmic acid. Instead of being placed in buildings to sustaiu u crushing pressure, the prossnre has been me‘hanically applied, of 57,000 ponnds on a fourinch cube at the age of fuur weeks. The following advanidzes are claimed for if: compactuesain combioation with the character of the constitnent ingredients; freedom from metallic mixtures; uniformity in its structures and conbeen made of cut stone, being about $65,000. The style and finish of the exterior is very effective, the details being elaborately worked and in perfect harmony with the general architectural designs. The Hale Building, in Chicago, has an imposing front, in modern style, and makes a very handsome edifice. The Frear stone is playing quite an important part in the reconatrnction of Chicago, and ia highly commended by the local presa. Patents & { NVENTIONS. Telegraphic List of U. S, Patents Issued te Pacific Coast Inventors. (ReronTRD OFFiota1LY yor THE MINING ap SomENtTivio Preaa, DEWEY a& OU., PusLisHems anv U. 8. and Forrion Patent AGENTS.) By Special Diepatoh, Dated Washington, D. C., Feb. 18th, 1873. For WEEx Enpine Feorvaoy 4th, 1873.* CaxtTren.— Richsrd Kelly, Red Bank, Cal. Car Stace Surrorter.—Wm. H. Mastermsn & Wm. T. Hooper, Stockton, Cal. Pro Rasp.—Jeremish W. Foard, S. F , Cal. Finerr Bar ror Hanrvesters.—Chas. A. Smith, Napa, Cal. Curie Tosacco.—James D Cnlp, Gilroy. Cal. Rartway Syow Prow.—-W. Walker, Fort Bridger, Wyoniing Territory. Buack Boarn EnasEr.—Winfield S. Read, Oakland, Cal. Harvester Currer.—Warren Wasson, Phineas F. Powers, Geo. W. Duogan, of Genoa, Nevada. m Drsien. CENTEB Pircr.—Samuel Kellett, S. F., Cal. TxsanE Manx. I, X. lL. Meraz Co.—Anti-Friction Mets] and Journal Bearings for St. Louis, Mo., and Sacrameoto, Cal. Following is a list of inventions patented in England hy inventors in the Pacific States and Territories from Aug. 6th to Dec. 31st, 1872: Wasnino Onrs.—W. Rickard, Monitor, Cal. Duted Ang. 28, °72. Uniuizino Hynsocarsons, Erc,—Perry Franklin Goodrich, S F., Cal. Dated Dec. 3, '72. Raitrosn Courrine.—H. Clay Kihhe, S. F., Cal. Dated Dec. 6, '72. *The patenta arenot ready for delivery hy the Patent Office until some 14 days after the date of issue, Norz.—Copiea of U.S. and Foreign Patents furnishea by Dewey & Oo., in the shortest time possible (by telegraph or otherwise) at the lowest ratea. All patent business for Pacific coast inventora tranaacted with greater aecurity and in much lesa tima than by any other agency. Ammonia for Cleansing and Other Uses. The nses to which ammonia can he pnt are extending daily, as its value becomes hetter known. This is the case not ooly in the arts but in domestic ecooomy where its varied applications are begioning to mske it recognized as a valuable article. The liquid, ammonia, plentifully diluted is found to inerease the growth or house plsnte, and as a cleanser and purifier it stands paramonnt. The fact that fatty and greasy matter saponifies with ammionia is tsken advantage of in many ways. By adding a little to warm water, psint can he washed thoroughly and much easier than with sosp alone. By theaddition of ateaspoontultoa hasin of water for bathing, it is softened and imparts a delightfal sense of coolness after washing. It will clean hairbrushes, eto., most effectually by dipping them ina solution of warm water and ammonia; will cleanse cutlery, carpets, crockery, glass and floors. Afew drops on a window-pane will clean it as bright as possible, and much hetter than water alone. From whatever place grease spots are to he removed, whether from the floor, psint, woolen or other fahrics, it is very convenient. Ammouia has heen used with good effect in curing poisooous bites, anch as those of anakea, eto. Mixed with oil itis used as a soap, nnder the name of soap liniment, Experimenta are being made with it aan motive power from the fact it only employs 126 nnits of heat in ita expaotion, while water ahsorhs nearly five times as much heat. The common liqnid boils at 122° and affords a pressnre of six atmospheres at 232° F., while steam requirea a heat of 320°to produce the same results. It is said that ammonia preveots iron from rusting althongh it acts on copper and brass. We understand that ammonia for washiug and cleansing purposes is being manufactured iu this city in quantitiea aod ia heing sold by the retail grocers, ao we hope there will he no future neceasity for further importation. When people hecome more accnstomed to nse it, they will realize the beuefit to be derived from it to a greater extent. The article made here is intended in a measure to be used for washing purposea, and there is every reasou to be assured that it will sid materially in cleansing clothes. It ia universally nsed in Europe for every-day family nse and if offered at proper pricea here, so aa to bring it withiu reach of every household, will rapidly come into favor as it has elsewhere. A 15-stamp mitx ia between Fort Yoma and Bardyville, on ita way to Sacramento District, Arizona.

February 22, 1873.] MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS. lal Artificial Stone for Building and Other Purposes. Availiog ourselves of a pleasant day this week, we paida visit to the Frear Stooe Works on Bluxome street, between Fourth and Fifth, and near the freight depots of the Central Pacifio Railroac. Jodging from the amonnt of stone-work we saw in the boildiogs the company must he doing a pretty good husiness. The premises occnpy a space of 300x120 feet, npon which are erected a number of ooe-story bnildings, all connected together, and divided np iuto different spartments. Large bins for storing tbe sand and gravel osed in manufacturing thestone are filled with the suhstances, the former of which is procured from Oakland har. The sand is nsed ina natural state, no melting or orystalliziog being done. The patent onder which tbe Frear Stone Company operato is on the chemical solution which is mixed with the sand or gravel. The fuciog of the stooe is msde of fine white sand, and the back portions of sand and gravel mixed. This facing saod is all selected, so as to be frce from iron or cther impurities, aod isthen thoroughly dried aod sifted to eject the natural moisture. This care eoahles them to get a fine surface to their work. The process of manufacture is exceedingly simple. The sand after beiug dried and sifted is dampened go that it will hold to. gether, with the patented solution. A certain proportion of Portland cemeotis ground fine and mixed with it, andthe whole istamped into moulds previously prepared. After the mixture is pressed in sufficiently it is removed from the monld and setaside to “cure.” After a few days ‘‘curiog,”’ the stone is perfectly solid, but the Company prefer to keep the work at least six weeks, so that there wiilheno danger of hreakage. There is on the premises a vat for drying the same, and a few small mills for grinding and sifting the cement. After the mixingis perfected the material is carried to the monldiog room, and from thence in its proper forms to the drying rooms. The company make their own patierns and have a shop set apart for the purpose. So that if sny one desires any particular design of any kind whatever, he can have the pattern made to suit him, and the stone will he moulded in tbe desired form, In making the moulds the patterns are set inside of a heavy hox in all cases and the mould sct inside of that. They are now engaged in making a numher of burial cases in which coffins may he placed, and the cover of tho case secured with cement, thereby preserving the eontents from the attacks of moisture or air, A number of urns of different sizes, as well as fountains, are being msde, and also several pedestals with the appropriate names upon which the marble statutes at Woodward's Gardens are tohe placed. Considerahle fence and cemetery work is heing done, horse hlocks, building material, ornameutsi work, etc. There is a large amount of Portland cement in the warehonse and more is on the way. At present 20 men are employed They caleulate to furuish the Frear Stone for one-third less for ornamental building and plaio work, then is oharged for natnralsandstone, and for lesa thau half the cost of fiuished granite, This stone ia oow coming into extensive use in this city and elsewhere. Beside the stone nsed in ornaments ou the Niantic Building and Tallant’a New Bank, Bartlett’a Block iu Oakland, three stories high, has the whole frout made of plain aolid Frear Stone. We saw at the office of the Works, photographs of a num ber of huildinga which hive heeu e-ected in New York and Chicago, which show the elaborate designs which may be adopted. There is n piece of atone at the Worka, which was under the effeots of the Chicago fire, which showa no signs of having heen snhjected to heat. The Worke in this city have only been under way since Inst Angust. The experience of the Chicago aud Boston fires has done munch to turn the attention of the pnblio to the necessity of fire-proof building material; for what was aupposed previously to be fire-proof, failed at the moment when these properties wero most uecessary. Granite, which everybody cousidered as a barrier to fire, flaked off in large pieces dnring those conflagrations, and both brick and sandatone crumbled before the flames. The Frear stone, however is aaid to have stood the test admirably, aa numerons atatemeuts verify. Merrill Ladd, Esq., President of the Mutual Inanrance Cumpany of Chicago, writes as follows: “In passing through the ‘‘great fire’’ no signs of flaking, splitting or disintegration were perceptible, aa was the case with all natural stone (even grauite) which was used in this city. I will say, in conclusion that I helieve Frem Stone to be the hest material that can be used for building where atrength, solidity and protection againat fire, are desired.’ Dr. Adolph Ott, in aleotnre on ‘Portland Cementand Portland Cement Stone,” read before the Polytech. nic Clnb of the American Inastitnte, aod pohlished in the Industrial Monthly some moutbs sioce, includes the Frear Stooe amoog the Portland cement stooes and says: ‘To any oue seqouioted witb the chemical composition of cement stone, it mnst at once become evideot that, with regard to its resistance against fire, it onght to supersede most bnilding stones." Tbe company mannfactnring Frear Stone in this city is lucorporated uoder the laws of the State of California and although the prodnet has not been invented long enongb to prove by practice its efficacy agaiust tbe ravages of time atitnent parts: adhesiveness of the cementation; non-liability to fusion or disintegration by fire, Sioce with all these advantages it can be made so cheaply and so rspidly, whatever the design, itis destined in the future to take alarge part inthe construction of edifices in cities and towns. In the couotry it can be made on the spot, provided saud and gravel is to be found in the vicinity, The illustrations showu on this page represeot two buildings constrneted of Frear Stooe; the lower cnt shows the Dwight Place Church, at New Haven, Conn., and the upper one is “THE HALE BOUL and atmospheric iofloeoce, it has successfully horue severe tests of scientific skill. Instead of the action of the moisture of atmosphere, it has been subjected to immersion in boiliog water and the steam bath, without change or injnry. It has been tested in a furnace iostead Pa oo LDING,’ CHICAGO. the ale huilding, a five-story strnctnre 90 fcet hy 100, which is in Chicago. The entire stonework of the church was made from sand cxcavated from the foundation and formed into artificial stone by the Frear process. It is stated that the cost was one-third less than if it had

c= bed He " = t We i abe aH oy (ah as 1 . Ec in Oeste i TSN Tenia AEA el aia cet a i — “he ii} yee teg hs, i a 1 i a Hye) al ary a LX oy 1/7 3 4 q He “aU 3 fi 6 (ja : ‘ on HyaNa ote aL vahalelslo cal Reha i} i aa CHURCH AT NEW HAVEN, BUILT OF FREAR STONE. ofin the snn. Instead of the corrosive gasea of imanufacturing town, using coulfor its fires, it has been placed in a bath of sulphmic acid. Instead of being placed in buildings to sustaiu u crushing pressure, the prossnre has been me‘hanically applied, of 57,000 ponnds on a fourinch cube at the age of fuur weeks. The following advanidzes are claimed for if: compactuesain combioation with the character of the constitnent ingredients; freedom from metallic mixtures; uniformity in its structures and conbeen made of cut stone, being about $65,000. The style and finish of the exterior is very effective, the details being elaborately worked and in perfect harmony with the general architectural designs. The Hale Building, in Chicago, has an imposing front, in modern style, and makes a very handsome edifice. The Frear stone is playing quite an important part in the reconatrnction of Chicago, and ia highly commended by the local presa. Patents & { NVENTIONS. Telegraphic List of U. S, Patents Issued te Pacific Coast Inventors. (ReronTRD OFFiota1LY yor THE MINING ap SomENtTivio Preaa, DEWEY a& OU., PusLisHems anv U. 8. and Forrion Patent AGENTS.) By Special Diepatoh, Dated Washington, D. C., Feb. 18th, 1873. For WEEx Enpine Feorvaoy 4th, 1873.* CaxtTren.— Richsrd Kelly, Red Bank, Cal. Car Stace Surrorter.—Wm. H. Mastermsn & Wm. T. Hooper, Stockton, Cal. Pro Rasp.—Jeremish W. Foard, S. F , Cal. Finerr Bar ror Hanrvesters.—Chas. A. Smith, Napa, Cal. Curie Tosacco.—James D Cnlp, Gilroy. Cal. Rartway Syow Prow.—-W. Walker, Fort Bridger, Wyoniing Territory. Buack Boarn EnasEr.—Winfield S. Read, Oakland, Cal. Harvester Currer.—Warren Wasson, Phineas F. Powers, Geo. W. Duogan, of Genoa, Nevada. m Drsien. CENTEB Pircr.—Samuel Kellett, S. F., Cal. TxsanE Manx. I, X. lL. Meraz Co.—Anti-Friction Mets] and Journal Bearings for St. Louis, Mo., and Sacrameoto, Cal. Following is a list of inventions patented in England hy inventors in the Pacific States and Territories from Aug. 6th to Dec. 31st, 1872: Wasnino Onrs.—W. Rickard, Monitor, Cal. Duted Ang. 28, °72. Uniuizino Hynsocarsons, Erc,—Perry Franklin Goodrich, S F., Cal. Dated Dec. 3, '72. Raitrosn Courrine.—H. Clay Kihhe, S. F., Cal. Dated Dec. 6, '72. *The patenta arenot ready for delivery hy the Patent Office until some 14 days after the date of issue, Norz.—Copiea of U.S. and Foreign Patents furnishea by Dewey & Oo., in the shortest time possible (by telegraph or otherwise) at the lowest ratea. All patent business for Pacific coast inventora tranaacted with greater aecurity and in much lesa tima than by any other agency. Ammonia for Cleansing and Other Uses. The nses to which ammonia can he pnt are extending daily, as its value becomes hetter known. This is the case not ooly in the arts but in domestic ecooomy where its varied applications are begioning to mske it recognized as a valuable article. The liquid, ammonia, plentifully diluted is found to inerease the growth or house plsnte, and as a cleanser and purifier it stands paramonnt. The fact that fatty and greasy matter saponifies with ammionia is tsken advantage of in many ways. By adding a little to warm water, psint can he washed thoroughly and much easier than with sosp alone. By theaddition of ateaspoontultoa hasin of water for bathing, it is softened and imparts a delightfal sense of coolness after washing. It will clean hairbrushes, eto., most effectually by dipping them ina solution of warm water and ammonia; will cleanse cutlery, carpets, crockery, glass and floors. Afew drops on a window-pane will clean it as bright as possible, and much hetter than water alone. From whatever place grease spots are to he removed, whether from the floor, psint, woolen or other fahrics, it is very convenient. Ammouia has heen used with good effect in curing poisooous bites, anch as those of anakea, eto. Mixed with oil itis used as a soap, nnder the name of soap liniment, Experimenta are being made with it aan motive power from the fact it only employs 126 nnits of heat in ita expaotion, while water ahsorhs nearly five times as much heat. The common liqnid boils at 122° and affords a pressnre of six atmospheres at 232° F., while steam requirea a heat of 320°to produce the same results. It is said that ammonia preveots iron from rusting althongh it acts on copper and brass. We understand that ammonia for washiug and cleansing purposes is being manufactured iu this city in quantitiea aod ia heing sold by the retail grocers, ao we hope there will he no future neceasity for further importation. When people hecome more accnstomed to nse it, they will realize the beuefit to be derived from it to a greater extent. The article made here is intended in a measure to be used for washing purposea, and there is every reasou to be assured that it will sid materially in cleansing clothes. It ia universally nsed in Europe for every-day family nse and if offered at proper pricea here, so aa to bring it withiu reach of every household, will rapidly come into favor as it has elsewhere. A 15-stamp mitx ia between Fort Yoma and Bardyville, on ita way to Sacramento District, Arizona.