Volume 29 (1874) (428 pages)

September 19, 1874.) MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS. 178 = ———— a Pecan ICAL Procress Parzen Baas.—Not many years ago these srtioles, 80 neeessary in wt description of re. tall buslncas, were generally made hy the conanmer, and were bat rarely purchased. Now the reverse lathe casa. They are bat seldom made by the perso naing them; and, in conseqnence, agrest trade is done In them, many raons being wholly employed in the bnainess. ny patents have been taken out to produce them hy machinery. They are thua made not only of the ordinary old-fashioned shape, but also with aquare bottoms, with rounded bottome, with gusset aides. They are slao made in endless tubes, and cnt off in longths, Perhaps the latest invention is a mechanical device for making paper bags in one piece from a roll of paper. The paper ia folded in the direotion af Its length from the two sides, so that the edges overlap each othar abont an inob in the o-nter, the edges belng pes'ed together. The aper is drawn thronghs foldlng-machino, witb he seam on the upper side, centraliy, hy a pair of rollers, which feed it elong to the devices for forming the bnttom of the hag. The feedrollers then stop until the bottom Is formed and the hag cnt off thn requirad length, when they again feed it forward, pnsbing out of the machine the bag already formed; and go on, making a hag st every revolation of the machine.— Technologist. a? Gavor.—The snccexe of Professor G. W. Hongh, of the Dudley Ohaorvatory, in Constiucting self-recording harometers and thermometers, lends additional interest to his fnnouncement of the successafal constraction of an automatio evaporometer and rain-gauge. The apparatas oonsists of a vessel two feet square and ono foot deep, suspended on levers, and held in equilibrinm hy a smell spriug, the amount of change in the weight of the mass either from rainfall or evaporation being indicated onthe scales of a dell>ate halance. In order to secnrothe mechanicel record of the hourly variatlons in the weight of the vessels and of itg contents, the professor causes the lover to vibrate botween two plstinum points, 8G placed that whenever a change in the weight of the vessel hy a given amount (say ten grains) takes place, @ megnetic circuit will be eatahlished, passing throagh on clectro magnet. A micrometer screw will then he operated hy mesns of olockwork, thereby tracinga curve on a revolving drom. precisoly as in the case of the aolf-recording barometer and thermometer. ~-College Courant. Woonrn Prevmatic Disparou Tube.-—The former dispatch tube which was laid between the Oapltal and the government printing office, in Washlagton, proved a failure. It was a cylInder of wood, bound together by iron banda, and covered with ter. It was placed so deep that the anperincumbent earth crashed the tnbe. A new tnhe is now being laid which, on the outside, is a reotangle twenty inches wide and twenty-three inches high. Os the inside, the cornera heing cut off, the cross section is octagonel. The inside hight is nineteen inches. To meke this tuhe air-tight, it is firat covercd with tar. The carrier, which is to move through the tnhe, is made of zones of wood riveted together. There is an exhauat engine at one end of the tnbe. The carrier has traveled one thousand feet in one and a-half minutes. The average grade as far as tho constraction has proceeded is ahont six feet in one hundred. Ropzex Horse Sxozs.—The invention of a rubber shoe for horses promises much. The new form of shoe is designed as a substitute for the iron shoe, aud as a means of preventing the many maladies to which horses’ feet are snbject, The inventor claims tbat horses suffering witb oracked or cootracted hoof, and similar peinful harts, are quickly cured hy the substitution of the ruhher oovering for the unyieliing metal shoe. The elasticity of the former allows the hoof to remain in its natural shape’ while protected from abrasion against pavements hy the heavy rubber aole beneath. As compared with iron shoea, tbe cost of the rubber ones is ebout one-third more, and their weight is some 40 per cent. less. Sixteen sizes are manufactured, xo that aocurate fits may be obtained. With reference to wear the durahility, owing to the fire quality of ruhher used, “in very great. Surer Mrrat Boxes.—The features of novelty of a recent invention consist in making oertein parts of thin sheet metal hoxes, namely the hinge and the spiiog catoh: Firat, hy bending the edge of the hack of the box and cover over a piece of wire so as to form a hinge, and, secondly, in hending over the front edge of the ld or cover and also bending the top edge of the front part of the box, sothat when the lid ls forced down It forms a secure spring festening. A niscoveay of interest to wood engravers is the fact that plates of polisbed slate may be used a8 substitutes for box wood for engraving. These plates will furnish over 100,000 impresalons without loss of deteil, do not warp, and are not éffected by oil or water. . A New Fagaro.—Cotton and wool are frat carded separately on Separate oarding engines, “and then mixed by pressing them together throngh a third oarding engine, aud the sliver obtained ls subsequently formed into yarn. Consuming Smoke. Seven or eight of the glass fectories in thi» city have an spparatna, the invention of a Bostonisn, for feeding coal to the furnace that is agreat improvement In thls respect on the usual method of throwing the coal on top of tho firo. Thiy machlne is aitaated underneath the fnruace, and Its principal featare is the hucket for conveying the coal to the fire, theother parts simply sorving to manipulate it. Tbls bucket, which Is east iron and has a movable hottom, is about the slze and shape of a balf-bnshel measure and has a fan attached to one side of the brim that projects ahout 20 jucbcs The huckot and hat somewhat resemble 8 hat of the faxhion formerly worn by firemen, provided the hat be inverted and the visor the rear hent ata contrary angle. When the bucket is in positlon with the fireman to shovel coalinto it, its fan fits Intoa ciroular opeviug iu the furnace grato; when.the huoket is filled it moves npward and forward, the fan receding as the huoket advances, until the latter rests eqnally under and against the opening in the grate; the bottom then rises and disoharges the cnotents into tho hot hed of coals resting on the grate bars; when the hacket recedes to its old position, reedy to he filled again. The machine is operated by the firoman, hy simply turning a wheel that closely resembles the pilot wheels on our river steamers, The coal being thas dlsoharged under the hot coals In6tead of thrown ontop of them, the smoke is almost entiroly oonsumed, and what little escapes is of a light color and does not appear to carry any suot with it. Ifall our mannfaoturing establishments and dwelllngs were provided with fire-plsces and farnaces that would come even as near to consnming their own smoke as the apparatus we have described, there wonld be a vast improvement in our atmosphere,—American Manufacturer. Tue Inventor or SrergotyPixo.— William Ged, the inventor of stereotyping, was a Sootohman. He was a jeweler in Edinburg. So long a3 he adheered to his original vooation he was permitted to prosper. When he veutnred to exercise his ingeouity hy faciliteting the printer’s art, he was doomed. On his meking known his discovery of hlock printing, the trade deemed their craft in danger, and formed a combination for his destruction. Master printers, jonrneymen and apprentices united against him as a common enemy; they loeded him with invectives; they reproached him with ignorance and assumption. The arrows of oelumny hit him on all sides. Who coald long stand such an array of hostilities ? Poor Ged, who ought to have made a fortune by his discovery, sunk under the load of persecutioa, and died of a broken heart.—Newspaper Reporter. Macutnz WantTeD.—A correspondent of the N. Y. Tribune saya: Farmers generelly require a machine, I think, such as I have never seen or heard of, but of which I have especially felt the need, as it will save lebor and utilize forage. Itls this: Say a mechine that will pulverize, or crush, or grind, with once handling, our corn crop, that will reduce the entire growth, cob, shuck and stalk, as fine es ordinary meel. After the corn is cut and put in stooks (twelve hills square ia the habit generally prevailing in the West); then as soon us the stooksa are dry enough teed them entire iato the machine, which might be similar to a grain thresher, and propelled by steam or horse-power. My object is fo place the corn-stalks as well as the corm in condition for the, cattle to properly masticate, digest and essimilate, Street Watertno.—An eatimate founded on private inquiry, tella ns that the cost for labor in watering the streets of London averages ahout £135,000 per annum, the cost of water being additional. It is contended that the whole of this watering can he accomplished in a far more effectual and advantageous manner, by a syatem of permanently laid pipes, for en expenditure of less than £3,100 per annum in lahor; while the interest upon the plans necessary for the parpose would not exoeed £20,000, making the total yearly cost of watering (exolusive of the water itself) only £23,000, instead of £135,000.— Builder. i Stoppina Runaway Horses.—A novel apparatus for this purpose is arranged by attaching to the cross strap of the bridle of a carriage or paddle horse a light tnbe, inside of which is a small roller; attached to this roller is a curtain of macintosh or other light and flexihle material wide enough to reach across the animal’s eyes, and long enough to cover the nostrils. This eurtein is held in its place hy springs, and ia lowered when releesed from springs hy a counterpoise or cord. It is returned to its place by another spring attached to the roller, Curanina Gram.— English exchanges describe a machine which has for ita object the oleaning of wheat and other graio, hy passing it hetween two diacs, one rotary the other stationary, on the adjacent sides of whioh are set wedged-shaped projections on knivos having ronghened sides; when the disc is made to rotate the wheet grain is egitated and cleaned by contact with the roughened sides of the wedgesheped projections. Proroskn Foo-SionaLixo ApPanatus.—This oonsists of a whistle actuated by air compresaed into a reservoir by a hand. pump. The signala are given either hy a cook opencd and closéd hy hand or by a cam operated from the hand lever or orank shaft and fly-wheel nsed to operate the pumps. §cientiFic Proaress. The Microscope as a Criminal Detective. Tuo annals af criminal jorisprndence fornish ‘ao abandance of cases in which the microscope, in tho hands of an expert, has heen the means of eliciting missing links in tbe circnmstantial evidence pointing to the gailt of the accused. Instances are cited where the instrument has showu bsirs, clinging to the edgd of an ax, to bs those of a human being, iu direct contradiction of the atatement of the prisoner, ascribing tham to somo animal; aod similar ,sorutlny of fresh blood upon clvthing bas proved the origin of the atain heyond a reatouehle douht. When hlood, bowever, has once hecome dry, several authorities assert that it ia impossibie to distinguish it from that of the ox, pig, sheep, horse or gout. Itis urged that the differences between tho avernge sizes of their corpuscles are too irregular to measure accurately, and that a man’s life shonld not he put in qneation ou the uncertain oaleulstion of a blood corpuscle's ratio of contrection in drying. In opposition to these views are some recent experiments, mads hy Dr. Josepb G. Richardson, of Philidelphia. This investigation disposes of tho firat ohjection ahove mentioned hy pointing oat thet, while it may be valid as regarda feehiy magnified blood disks, it becomes void when there bodies are amplified 3,700 times. Regardiog the second, he stamps it es incorrect, and cites a cese in whloh seven human blood di.ks, whose meau diameter had been accurat-ly deteimired at I-3236 of an inch, were sabsequentiy computed to averege 1-3266, or only 1-352292 of an inch less than their magnitude. Dr. Ricbardson also points out, with reference to ‘the last objection, that ail the blood disks likely to be mlstaken for thoae of man being normally smaller, insateed of contracting they would have to expand to become conlormed to those of human hiood. This expugeon does not oconr, so that the only possite mistske in diagnosis would be to suppose that ox hlood were present when man’s hlood had actually been shed; so that at the worst we might contribute to a criminal’s escepe, but never to the punivhment of an innocent person. In order to afford a positive demonstration of the facts, Dr. Richardson obtained, from each of two fiiends, three specimens of hlood clots, from the veins of a man, an ox, and a sheep, respectively, selected without his knowledge. By microscopical examination alone, he was able to determine, with peifect accuracy, the origin of each sample. The corpuscles of hnman hlood averaged I-3430, with a meximam of 1-3174 and a-minimum of 1-3636 of un inch; those of the ox blood gave a mean measurement of 1-4662, with a maximum of 14347 anda minimum of 1-4874; while those of the sheep's blood afforded a mean of I-5952, with @ Maximum of I-5405 anda minimum of 1-6451 of an inch. From these and other experiments, Dr. Richardson concludes that, since the red blood globules of the pig, ox, red deer, cat, horse, sheep and goet ‘are all so much smaller than ever the ordinery minimum size of the human red disk, as computed in my investigations, we are now able, by aid of high powers of the microseope and under favorable circumstances, positively to distinguish stains produced by human hlood from those caused by the hlood of any one of the animals just enumerated; and this even after a lapse of five years (at least) from the date of their primary production.’’—Scientific American. Tar ror Fuen.—Messrs. Hay & Sugden, of England, have patented means or apparatus for treating and utilising gas tar for heating purposes. The tar is deposited in a still, to which they apply a steam pipe; the heat of the steam renders the tar so sufficiently limpid that it flows readily from the still into a pipe to which asecond pipe supplied with steam is connected, the pressure of steam forcing or discharging the liquid ter in the form of a spray or gas, whereon it is fred. On the bars chalkstone is deposited for retaining heat. In some ceses they add to the tar in the atill common soda, limewaler and ammonia water in ahont the following proportiona: To one ton of tar, one tenth common soda, one-tenth lime water and ammonia water. Caancr roa Invenrors.—It has been claimed that paper manufactured from wood pulp 1a more liable to hecome yellow stained under the infinence of ight and heat than that made from other ingredients, and that for hooks or other publications of an expensive nature no paper made from wood pulp should he used. St cannot he, however, thet this is dne to any quality of the pure fibers, which are the really valuable conatitnents of the paper; and the removal of the metter which causes the discoloration is a good subject for investigation. -Industrial Month, A Brit or Expert Testmrony.— When Orfila, the celebrated French ohemist, was on one occasion a witness at a trial for poisoning, he waa eaked by the president if he could state the qnentity of arvenic requisite to kill a fly. “Ceriainly, M. le Président,"’ replied the expert; "but I mnat know heforehaud the age of the fly, its sex, its temperament, its condition and hahits of body, whether married or single, Ammonia lee Machines. -* It isa well-konwn fact that when a Ilquld is converted into gas it abstracts a certain amount of heat from ths surrounding objects, and hence liqaids which yoletilize readily are sald to prodnce a oertain amonnt of ocld. Ether, when placed on the skin, evaporatea so rapidly as to produce the gensation of extrema cold, Gases, like sulphurons acid, uitrnus oxide, carbonio acld, aud ammonle, whlch mey be liquified by pressure, produce very intense cold if Bllowed ta evaporate rapidly, whioh le done hy removing tha pressure. The apparatus iuventod by O. F. Carre, of Parls, for freezing water hy means of ammonia, oonaiste of a generator and a receiver mede of iron boiler plate, and connected hy means of a e'rong fron tube. In the generntor is pliced a solution of Ammonia saturuted st 32 dag. Fabreuheit, which is beated by means of o suitable furuace, while the empty receiver 14 immers-d in cold water, On heeting the solu:ion uf ammonia the gas is driven off and collected in the receiver, whore it is condensed to a liquid as aoon as the pressure passes ten atmoupheres. The receiver is constracted with a oylindcdcal space, into which a closely fitting vessel filled with water is now placed, and the apparains is reversed, the generator heing immersed In the water. The liqaificd ammonia, having the pressure removed, passes sguin into the gaseous state, and is re-ahsoched by the water ia the generator. By this means large quantities of ice are prodaced in tropical countries at a reasonable price. None of the gas ie wasted, and the only expense is fur lahor, apparatus and fuel.—Jour. of Ap. Chem. Nzw Antoys,—A patent has heen recently obtained in France for obtaiung alloys of lron with menganeae, titanium, tavgsten, silioium, eto. According to the Revue Industrielle, scrap iron and iron tarnings aod filings, or iron Sponge ooarsely pulverized, are mixed wlth minerala oontaining the manganese, tungsten, titaninm or siliciam, also pulverized, in suitable proportions, and moistened uniformly and completely wilh an ammoniacal or an aold solution, after which the mass is compresaed in molds. Great evolntion of heat takes place, and in a few hours a hard, compact mess results, which is broken into fragments with a sledge. These fragments do not disagzregete at the temperatare of melting iron. They are used in a peculiarly construc.ed high fnruece, and when reduced yield excelleut alloys. The ferro-menganese contains at pleasure from 20 to 75 per cent. manganese, and in the same way ferro-silicium containing 22 per cent. of silioium has been obtained. Alloys of titenium and tungsten, or of all combined, are readily procuniye: The temperature required is very igh. Caovrenouc Soiurron.—It is often necessary to diesolve ruhber, for the purpose of mending rubber articles, etc., and the proces; is thus given in en exchange: The crude gum is put in clear water and hoiled en hoar, then cot with wet knives, or circnlar saws without teeth, into thin strips, which are then passed be;ween strong rollers, and dried in a warm room; 26 parta of gum are dissolved in 50 parts benzole and 70 parts oil of turpeotine free from grease, This thick solution is not homogeneous, and must be passed hetween polished rollers to crush tho lumps, : InoonvVENIENCES result from the preservation of calomel mixed with certain substances in powder. According to M. Valpins, corrosive sublimete will in some cases form, hut not when the mixture is with white sugar, milksugar, magnesia, calcined or carhouated, or with sodium hicarbonate. A mixture withoane sugar and sodium hicarhonate gave rise to the formation of mach corrosive sublimate in three months. The change was assisted hy moisture. Anotaer Patent Innioator.—A novel apperatus has just been patented whiob will, it is claimed, receive the tickets and conductors’ checks of railroad paasengers, indicate the destination of each traveler while he is in the car, and keep a record of ull the trips made, iuaoces-ible to any trainman, or to any one except the proper agent—presumahly a representative of the general tioket agent, at the end of the trip. Cannon Pootograpus.—According to Marion, if a hichromete picture piinted in the san is brought in contaot with a plato covered with chromatized gelatine in the dark, a similar impression will be mede on the second surface, and even more than one prepsred plate oan thus receive an impresslon, provided that the original plate bad heen exposed long enough to the action of snnlight. Drtame is proposed as a new substitute for quinine, This alkeloid obtained from the bark of the *‘ Dita’ has becn found to he as good as quinine, and in some cases superior. The method of abstraction is the same as that for quinine. The herk yields on an average about two per cent, of the alkaloid. Warentiont Patours FoR Bormers.—They should have a lip turned all eround it, so that a good quentity of cement may be introduced. The cement should he made of red and white lead and iron horiugs. and should he very etiff. Foe Macutne Om.—To prepare.an exoellent machine oil, miz 60 parte of oleine with 40 of olive oll; or 50 of oleine, 40 of olear paraffine ol) and I0 of olive oll. widow or maiden, widower or hachelor.”’

September 19, 1874.) MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS. 178 = ———— a Pecan ICAL Procress Parzen Baas.—Not many years ago these srtioles, 80 neeessary in wt description of re. tall buslncas, were generally made hy the conanmer, and were bat rarely purchased. Now the reverse lathe casa. They are bat seldom made by the perso naing them; and, in conseqnence, agrest trade is done In them, many raons being wholly employed in the bnainess. ny patents have been taken out to produce them hy machinery. They are thua made not only of the ordinary old-fashioned shape, but also with aquare bottoms, with rounded bottome, with gusset aides. They are slao made in endless tubes, and cnt off in longths, Perhaps the latest invention is a mechanical device for making paper bags in one piece from a roll of paper. The paper ia folded in the direotion af Its length from the two sides, so that the edges overlap each othar abont an inob in the o-nter, the edges belng pes'ed together. The aper is drawn thronghs foldlng-machino, witb he seam on the upper side, centraliy, hy a pair of rollers, which feed it elong to the devices for forming the bnttom of the hag. The feedrollers then stop until the bottom Is formed and the hag cnt off thn requirad length, when they again feed it forward, pnsbing out of the machine the bag already formed; and go on, making a hag st every revolation of the machine.— Technologist. a? Gavor.—The snccexe of Professor G. W. Hongh, of the Dudley Ohaorvatory, in Constiucting self-recording harometers and thermometers, lends additional interest to his fnnouncement of the successafal constraction of an automatio evaporometer and rain-gauge. The apparatas oonsists of a vessel two feet square and ono foot deep, suspended on levers, and held in equilibrinm hy a smell spriug, the amount of change in the weight of the mass either from rainfall or evaporation being indicated onthe scales of a dell>ate halance. In order to secnrothe mechanicel record of the hourly variatlons in the weight of the vessels and of itg contents, the professor causes the lover to vibrate botween two plstinum points, 8G placed that whenever a change in the weight of the vessel hy a given amount (say ten grains) takes place, @ megnetic circuit will be eatahlished, passing throagh on clectro magnet. A micrometer screw will then he operated hy mesns of olockwork, thereby tracinga curve on a revolving drom. precisoly as in the case of the aolf-recording barometer and thermometer. ~-College Courant. Woonrn Prevmatic Disparou Tube.-—The former dispatch tube which was laid between the Oapltal and the government printing office, in Washlagton, proved a failure. It was a cylInder of wood, bound together by iron banda, and covered with ter. It was placed so deep that the anperincumbent earth crashed the tnbe. A new tnhe is now being laid which, on the outside, is a reotangle twenty inches wide and twenty-three inches high. Os the inside, the cornera heing cut off, the cross section is octagonel. The inside hight is nineteen inches. To meke this tuhe air-tight, it is firat covercd with tar. The carrier, which is to move through the tnhe, is made of zones of wood riveted together. There is an exhauat engine at one end of the tnbe. The carrier has traveled one thousand feet in one and a-half minutes. The average grade as far as tho constraction has proceeded is ahont six feet in one hundred. Ropzex Horse Sxozs.—The invention of a rubber shoe for horses promises much. The new form of shoe is designed as a substitute for the iron shoe, aud as a means of preventing the many maladies to which horses’ feet are snbject, The inventor claims tbat horses suffering witb oracked or cootracted hoof, and similar peinful harts, are quickly cured hy the substitution of the ruhher oovering for the unyieliing metal shoe. The elasticity of the former allows the hoof to remain in its natural shape’ while protected from abrasion against pavements hy the heavy rubber aole beneath. As compared with iron shoea, tbe cost of the rubber ones is ebout one-third more, and their weight is some 40 per cent. less. Sixteen sizes are manufactured, xo that aocurate fits may be obtained. With reference to wear the durahility, owing to the fire quality of ruhher used, “in very great. Surer Mrrat Boxes.—The features of novelty of a recent invention consist in making oertein parts of thin sheet metal hoxes, namely the hinge and the spiiog catoh: Firat, hy bending the edge of the hack of the box and cover over a piece of wire so as to form a hinge, and, secondly, in hending over the front edge of the ld or cover and also bending the top edge of the front part of the box, sothat when the lid ls forced down It forms a secure spring festening. A niscoveay of interest to wood engravers is the fact that plates of polisbed slate may be used a8 substitutes for box wood for engraving. These plates will furnish over 100,000 impresalons without loss of deteil, do not warp, and are not éffected by oil or water. .. A New Fagaro.—Cotton and wool are frat carded separately on Separate oarding engines, “and then mixed by pressing them together throngh a third oarding engine, aud the sliver obtained ls subsequently formed into yarn. Consuming Smoke. Seven or eight of the glass fectories in thi» city have an spparatna, the invention of a Bostonisn, for feeding coal to the furnace that is agreat improvement In thls respect on the usual method of throwing the coal on top of tho firo. Thiy machlne is aitaated underneath the fnruace, and Its principal featare is the hucket for conveying the coal to the fire, theother parts simply sorving to manipulate it. Tbls bucket, which Is east iron and has a movable hottom, is about the slze and shape of a balf-bnshel measure and has a fan attached to one side of the brim that projects ahout 20 jucbcs The huckot and hat somewhat resemble 8 hat of the faxhion formerly worn by firemen, provided the hat be inverted and the visor the rear hent ata contrary angle. When the bucket is in positlon with the fireman to shovel coalinto it, its fan fits Intoa ciroular opeviug iu the furnace grato; when.the huoket is filled it moves npward and forward, the fan receding as the huoket advances, until the latter rests eqnally under and against the opening in the grate; the bottom then rises and disoharges the cnotents into tho hot hed of coals resting on the grate bars; when the hacket recedes to its old position, reedy to he filled again. The machine is operated by the firoman, hy simply turning a wheel that closely resembles the pilot wheels on our river steamers, The coal being thas dlsoharged under the hot coals In6tead of thrown ontop of them, the smoke is almost entiroly oonsumed, and what little escapes is of a light color and does not appear to carry any suot with it. Ifall our mannfaoturing establishments and dwelllngs were provided with fire-plsces and farnaces that would come even as near to consnming their own smoke as the apparatus we have described, there wonld be a vast improvement in our atmosphere,—American Manufacturer. Tue Inventor or SrergotyPixo.— William Ged, the inventor of stereotyping, was a Sootohman. He was a jeweler in Edinburg. So long a3 he adheered to his original vooation he was permitted to prosper. When he veutnred to exercise his ingeouity hy faciliteting the printer’s art, he was doomed. On his meking known his discovery of hlock printing, the trade deemed their craft in danger, and formed a combination for his destruction. Master printers, jonrneymen and apprentices united against him as a common enemy; they loeded him with invectives; they reproached him with ignorance and assumption. The arrows of oelumny hit him on all sides. Who coald long stand such an array of hostilities ? Poor Ged, who ought to have made a fortune by his discovery, sunk under the load of persecutioa, and died of a broken heart.—Newspaper Reporter. Macutnz WantTeD.—A correspondent of the N. Y. Tribune saya: Farmers generelly require a machine, I think, such as I have never seen or heard of, but of which I have especially felt the need, as it will save lebor and utilize forage. Itls this: Say a mechine that will pulverize, or crush, or grind, with once handling, our corn crop, that will reduce the entire growth, cob, shuck and stalk, as fine es ordinary meel. After the corn is cut and put in stooks (twelve hills square ia the habit generally prevailing in the West); then as soon us the stooksa are dry enough teed them entire iato the machine, which might be similar to a grain thresher, and propelled by steam or horse-power. My object is fo place the corn-stalks as well as the corm in condition for the, cattle to properly masticate, digest and essimilate, Street Watertno.—An eatimate founded on private inquiry, tella ns that the cost for labor in watering the streets of London averages ahout £135,000 per annum, the cost of water being additional. It is contended that the whole of this watering can he accomplished in a far more effectual and advantageous manner, by a syatem of permanently laid pipes, for en expenditure of less than £3,100 per annum in lahor; while the interest upon the plans necessary for the parpose would not exoeed £20,000, making the total yearly cost of watering (exolusive of the water itself) only £23,000, instead of £135,000.— Builder. i Stoppina Runaway Horses.—A novel apparatus for this purpose is arranged by attaching to the cross strap of the bridle of a carriage or paddle horse a light tnbe, inside of which is a small roller; attached to this roller is a curtain of macintosh or other light and flexihle material wide enough to reach across the animal’s eyes, and long enough to cover the nostrils. This eurtein is held in its place hy springs, and ia lowered when releesed from springs hy a counterpoise or cord. It is returned to its place by another spring attached to the roller, Curanina Gram.— English exchanges describe a machine which has for ita object the oleaning of wheat and other graio, hy passing it hetween two diacs, one rotary the other stationary, on the adjacent sides of whioh are set wedged-shaped projections on knivos having ronghened sides; when the disc is made to rotate the wheet grain is egitated and cleaned by contact with the roughened sides of the wedgesheped projections. Proroskn Foo-SionaLixo ApPanatus.—This oonsists of a whistle actuated by air compresaed into a reservoir by a hand. pump. The signala are given either hy a cook opencd and closéd hy hand or by a cam operated from the hand lever or orank shaft and fly-wheel nsed to operate the pumps. §cientiFic Proaress. The Microscope as a Criminal Detective. Tuo annals af criminal jorisprndence fornish ‘ao abandance of cases in which the microscope,

in tho hands of an expert, has heen the means of eliciting missing links in tbe circnmstantial evidence pointing to the gailt of the accused. Instances are cited where the instrument has showu bsirs, clinging to the edgd of an ax, to bs those of a human being, iu direct contradiction of the atatement of the prisoner, ascribing tham to somo animal; aod similar ,sorutlny of fresh blood upon clvthing bas proved the origin of the atain heyond a reatouehle douht. When hlood, bowever, has once hecome dry, several authorities assert that it ia impossibie to distinguish it from that of the ox, pig, sheep, horse or gout. Itis urged that the differences between tho avernge sizes of their corpuscles are too irregular to measure accurately, and that a man’s life shonld not he put in qneation ou the uncertain oaleulstion of a blood corpuscle's ratio of contrection in drying. In opposition to these views are some recent experiments, mads hy Dr. Josepb G. Richardson, of Philidelphia. This investigation disposes of tho firat ohjection ahove mentioned hy pointing oat thet, while it may be valid as regarda feehiy magnified blood disks, it becomes void when there bodies are amplified 3,700 times. Regardiog the second, he stamps it es incorrect, and cites a cese in whloh seven human blood di.ks, whose meau diameter had been accurat-ly deteimired at I-3236 of an inch, were sabsequentiy computed to averege 1-3266, or only 1-352292 of an inch less than their magnitude. Dr. Ricbardson also points out, with reference to ‘the last objection, that ail the blood disks likely to be mlstaken for thoae of man being normally smaller, insateed of contracting they would have to expand to become conlormed to those of human hiood. This expugeon does not oconr, so that the only possite mistske in diagnosis would be to suppose that ox hlood were present when man’s hlood had actually been shed; so that at the worst we might contribute to a criminal’s escepe, but never to the punivhment of an innocent person. In order to afford a positive demonstration of the facts, Dr. Richardson obtained, from each of two fiiends, three specimens of hlood clots, from the veins of a man, an ox, and a sheep, respectively, selected without his knowledge. By microscopical examination alone, he was able to determine, with peifect accuracy, the origin of each sample. The corpuscles of hnman hlood averaged I-3430, with a meximam of 1-3174 and a-minimum of 1-3636 of un inch; those of the ox blood gave a mean measurement of 1-4662, with a maximum of 14347 anda minimum of 1-4874; while those of the sheep's blood afforded a mean of I-5952, with @ Maximum of I-5405 anda minimum of 1-6451 of an inch. From these and other experiments, Dr. Richardson concludes that, since the red blood globules of the pig, ox, red deer, cat, horse, sheep and goet ‘are all so much smaller than ever the ordinery minimum size of the human red disk, as computed in my investigations, we are now able, by aid of high powers of the microseope and under favorable circumstances, positively to distinguish stains produced by human hlood from those caused by the hlood of any one of the animals just enumerated; and this even after a lapse of five years (at least) from the date of their primary production.’’—Scientific American. Tar ror Fuen.—Messrs. Hay & Sugden, of England, have patented means or apparatus for treating and utilising gas tar for heating purposes. The tar is deposited in a still, to which they apply a steam pipe; the heat of the steam renders the tar so sufficiently limpid that it flows readily from the still into a pipe to which asecond pipe supplied with steam is connected, the pressure of steam forcing or discharging the liquid ter in the form of a spray or gas, whereon it is fred. On the bars chalkstone is deposited for retaining heat. In some ceses they add to the tar in the atill common soda, limewaler and ammonia water in ahont the following proportiona: To one ton of tar, one tenth common soda, one-tenth lime water and ammonia water. Caancr roa Invenrors.—It has been claimed that paper manufactured from wood pulp 1a more liable to hecome yellow stained under the infinence of ight and heat than that made from other ingredients, and that for hooks or other publications of an expensive nature no paper made from wood pulp should he used. St cannot he, however, thet this is dne to any quality of the pure fibers, which are the really valuable conatitnents of the paper; and the removal of the metter which causes the discoloration is a good subject for investigation. -Industrial Month, A Brit or Expert Testmrony.— When Orfila, the celebrated French ohemist, was on one occasion a witness at a trial for poisoning, he waa eaked by the president if he could state the qnentity of arvenic requisite to kill a fly. “Ceriainly, M. le Président,"’ replied the expert; "but I mnat know heforehaud the age of the fly, its sex, its temperament, its condition and hahits of body, whether married or single, Ammonia lee Machines. -* It isa well-konwn fact that when a Ilquld is converted into gas it abstracts a certain amount of heat from ths surrounding objects, and hence liqaids which yoletilize readily are sald to prodnce a oertain amonnt of ocld. Ether, when placed on the skin, evaporatea so rapidly as to produce the gensation of extrema cold, Gases, like sulphurons acid, uitrnus oxide, carbonio acld, aud ammonle, whlch mey be liquified by pressure, produce very intense cold if Bllowed ta evaporate rapidly, whioh le done hy removing tha pressure. The apparatus iuventod by O. F. Carre, of Parls, for freezing water hy means of ammonia, oonaiste of a generator and a receiver mede of iron boiler plate, and connected hy means of a e'rong fron tube. In the generntor is pliced a solution of Ammonia saturuted st 32 dag. Fabreuheit, which is beated by means of o suitable furuace, while the empty receiver 14 immers-d in cold water, On heeting the solu:ion uf ammonia the gas is driven off and collected in the receiver, whore it is condensed to a liquid as aoon as the pressure passes ten atmoupheres. The receiver is constracted with a oylindcdcal space, into which a closely fitting vessel filled with water is now placed, and the apparains is reversed, the generator heing immersed In the water. The liqaificd ammonia, having the pressure removed, passes sguin into the gaseous state, and is re-ahsoched by the water ia the generator. By this means large quantities of ice are prodaced in tropical countries at a reasonable price. None of the gas ie wasted, and the only expense is fur lahor, apparatus and fuel.—Jour. of Ap. Chem. Nzw Antoys,—A patent has heen recently obtained in France for obtaiung alloys of lron with menganeae, titanium, tavgsten, silioium, eto. According to the Revue Industrielle, scrap iron and iron tarnings aod filings, or iron Sponge ooarsely pulverized, are mixed wlth minerala oontaining the manganese, tungsten, titaninm or siliciam, also pulverized, in suitable proportions, and moistened uniformly and completely wilh an ammoniacal or an aold solution, after which the mass is compresaed in molds. Great evolntion of heat takes place, and in a few hours a hard, compact mess results, which is broken into fragments with a sledge. These fragments do not disagzregete at the temperatare of melting iron. They are used in a peculiarly construc.ed high fnruece, and when reduced yield excelleut alloys. The ferro-menganese contains at pleasure from 20 to 75 per cent. manganese, and in the same way ferro-silicium containing 22 per cent. of silioium has been obtained. Alloys of titenium and tungsten, or of all combined, are readily procuniye: The temperature required is very igh. Caovrenouc Soiurron.—It is often necessary to diesolve ruhber, for the purpose of mending rubber articles, etc., and the proces; is thus given in en exchange: The crude gum is put in clear water and hoiled en hoar, then cot with wet knives, or circnlar saws without teeth, into thin strips, which are then passed be;ween strong rollers, and dried in a warm room; 26 parta of gum are dissolved in 50 parts benzole and 70 parts oil of turpeotine free from grease, This thick solution is not homogeneous, and must be passed hetween polished rollers to crush tho lumps, : InoonvVENIENCES result from the preservation of calomel mixed with certain substances in powder. According to M. Valpins, corrosive sublimete will in some cases form, hut not when the mixture is with white sugar, milksugar, magnesia, calcined or carhouated, or with sodium hicarbonate. A mixture withoane sugar and sodium hicarhonate gave rise to the formation of mach corrosive sublimate in three months. The change was assisted hy moisture. Anotaer Patent Innioator.—A novel apperatus has just been patented whiob will, it is claimed, receive the tickets and conductors’ checks of railroad paasengers, indicate the destination of each traveler while he is in the car, and keep a record of ull the trips made, iuaoces-ible to any trainman, or to any one except the proper agent—presumahly a representative of the general tioket agent, at the end of the trip. Cannon Pootograpus.—According to Marion, if a hichromete picture piinted in the san is brought in contaot with a plato covered with chromatized gelatine in the dark, a similar impression will be mede on the second surface, and even more than one prepsred plate oan thus receive an impresslon, provided that the original plate bad heen exposed long enough to the action of snnlight. Drtame is proposed as a new substitute for quinine, This alkeloid obtained from the bark of the *‘ Dita’ has becn found to he as good as quinine, and in some cases superior. The method of abstraction is the same as that for quinine. The herk yields on an average about two per cent, of the alkaloid. Warentiont Patours FoR Bormers.—They should have a lip turned all eround it, so that a good quentity of cement may be introduced. The cement should he made of red and white lead and iron horiugs. and should he very etiff. Foe Macutne Om.—To prepare.an exoellent machine oil, miz 60 parte of oleine with 40 of olive oll; or 50 of oleine, 40 of olear paraffine ol) and I0 of olive oll. widow or maiden, widower or hachelor.”’