Volume 35 (1877) (426 pages)

MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS [November 10, 1877. Sentor Eniror. DEWEY & CO., Publishers, A. T. DEWEY, GEO, H. STRONG. W. B, EWER, JNO, L. BOONE. Office, No. 202 Sansome Street, N. BE. Corner of Pine Street, San Francisco. Subscription and Advertising Rates: AnvertisinG RATES. 1 week. 1month, $mos. 12 mos Per line...ceresene 25 80 $ 2.00 $ 5.00 Half inch (¢ ware). $1.00 $3.00 7.50 24.00 One inch. 1. 4,00 12.00 40.00 Large advertisements at favorable rates. Special or reading notices, legal advertisements, notices appearing in extraordinary type or in particular parts of the paper, inserted at special rates. Four insertions are rated ina month. _ ; SupscrietioN iy AnvANcE—Postage paid—one year, $4; six months, $2.25; three months, $1.25. Remittances by registered letters or P. O orders at our risk, Tue OniGginst ARTICLES in this paper are mostly set in golid type, giving in our columns one-third more reading than is contained in ordinary leaded matter. Apnress ali letters to the firm, and not to individual members, or others, who may at any time be absent. Our latest forms go to press on Thursday evening. SAN FRANCISCO: Saturday Morning, Nov, 10,1877. TABLE OF CONTENTS. GENERAL EDITORIALS.—Items of Interest from the Mincs; Academy of Sciences; On the Death of Leverrier; The ‘‘Devil’s Gate;” Bullion Shipments; Paper Stock and Manufacture, 289. The Week; Timber of Mineral Lands; The Degislature and the Mines; Hayden’s Survey and the Archeology of the Southwest, 296. Hydraulic Mining in California, 29'7-300. The Mining Share Market; The Arizona Bonanza; Duhem & Bennett’s Dry Placer Amalgamator; Technical Education of Miucrs; No Delay in Patent Business, 800. Notices of Recent Patents; Patents and Inveutions, 301. ILLUSTRATIONS.—The Devil's Gate, Washoe, 289. Section of Wall Ditch ona Line of La Grange Mining Co.'s Ditch; La Grange Ditch, North Bloomfield Ditch; Crossing of La Grange Flume at Indian Bar, 297. CORRESPONDENCKE.—Harrisburg District; Weight of One Cubic Foot of Gold, 190. MECHANICAL PROGRESS.—The Field Still Open for Inventors; The Jewelry Industry of the United States; Square Shoulders to Pivots, Progress; Keeley; Burnished Gilding on Glass; A Rock Boring Device; Incrusted Brouze, 291. SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS.—Catastrophism; Climatic Changes in Europe; A River of Ink; What Hooker and Gray will Do; Combustion of Petroleum; Arctic Coal; New Specific Gravity Machine; Compressibility of nice Seeds in Sea Water, 291. MINING SUMMARY from the various counties of California, Nevada, Arizona, Oregonand Utah, 293300. MINING STOCK MAREHT.—Sales at the San Francisco, Pacific and California Stock Boards; Notices of Assessments, Meetings and Dividends, 292. THE ENGINEER.—Sounding for the Channel Tunnel; The Hudson River Tunnel; New Docks on the Clyde; Curious Tracklaying; A Great Work in Holland; Reclaiming the Everglades; Mr. Eads’ Pay for the Jetties; Conpled-Leveling Instrument; Resistance of Railway Curves; A Stone Bridge, 294. USEFUL INFORMATION.—Guarding the Snow Sheds; Curious Marks of Admixture in Wools; Waxed Paper; Post Office Dangers; The French Beet Sugar Industry, 295. GOOD HEALTH—Economy in Foods; Garbage; A Homeopathic Journal, 295. MISCHLLANEOUS.—The Silver Caves of Pern; Sojution for Brightening Silver; The Legislature of 1877-8; Dangers of Coal Mining; Settling; Desert Land huvestigation; Immense Pipe Line Pump Station, 290. Lucky Strike; The North Calkoun Mine; A Complete Mill; Japanese Mirrors; The Abuse of Saws, 294. Heroines of the Hour; Realities; Russian Soldiers and the Bible, 295, Copper Mines on Snake River; The Fireside; Elephantine Vocalism; Bristol and Jackrabbit Districts; Iron Sailiug Ships; Eberhardt and Aurora; Formation of Cannel Coal; Moutana Mining Items: New Motor, 298. 2 NEW ADVERTISEMENTS. Delinquent Notice—Mariposa Land and Mining Co.; Assessment Notice—Excelsior Silver Mining Co. ~ The Week. The receut rains have dispelled any lingering fears of another dry winter and already a revival of business is noted. The bydraulic miners throughout tbe State will soon be actively at work again, and the springs and vivers, as they commence to rise will start up many idle quartz mills, The principal item of interest in connection with mining matters this week bas been the reported strike in the 1900foot level of the Ophir mine, and the refusal of the Superintendent to allow an inspection of the mine by stockholders. Thcre seems to he some mystery in connection with the matter which is not yet cleared up. The Committee of Comstock mining superintendents appointed to inquire into the cost of pumping water, and to investigate other points connected witb the Sutro tunnel question, held a meeting at the Chollar-Potosi office on Tuesday. There were present Superintendents Fair, Smith, Mackay, Requa, Patton, Schultz, Forman, Osbiston, Strother, Hardy, Gillette and Shepperd. ‘The reports of the various superintendents were received and discussed. A News reporter interviewed Mr. Requa, chairman of the committee, and learned that it had been resolved not to make anything public until tbe report of the committee is submitted to the mine managers in San Francisco. Messrs. Requa and Patton were deputed to carry the report to San Fraucisco, They arrived here on Thursday night. As soon as the report is made public we will publish it.] Burning Timber on Mineral Lands. The bill introduced in Congress by Ex-Gov‘lernor Pacheco, of this State, for the sale of timber land, exempts from its operations all lands containing minerals, and all settlers’ improvements. It also reserves all bona fide rights already attached under United States laws, and in regard to lands hereafter to be surveyed, gives actual occupants prior opportunities for purcbase hefore offermg lands for public sale, Each applicant for purcbasing any quarter section already surveyed is required to make oath of his bona fide intention to appropriate the same for his own use, and not for sale, and tbat be has made no other application, and has not agreed in any way to transfer the title. Pacheco says he is not committed to every detail of the bill, and will ask its very careful consideration at the hands of tbe Public Lands Committee, of whicb he is a member. The Government practically permits miners to cut timher on the public lands for miuing purposes. On the even sections they cut as much as they see fit, and itis only when there is wanton waste that they are arrested. Most of this land, however, is now taken up hy private parties. Manufacturers of lumber for mining purposes have bought up large tracts, and in most cases the miners now buy their timber. On the odd sections, or railroad lands, the miners have also been in the babit of eutting timber, although tbe Central Pacifie Company have brought several suits to prevent it. Mineral lands do not pass to the Central Pacific railroad by virtue of its grant, but the timher being or growing on mineral land, within ten miles of tbe center line of the road or its branches, was granted to said company, except so much as is necessary to support the improvements ot mine owners upon the given tracts. The question is, how much is necessary? and in a number of instances suits have been brought. When patent issues for such mineral land, it is necessary to insert therein a clause excepting from -the operation of the patent all timber being or growing upon odd-numbered sections within the limits referred to, except such “‘as is necessary to support bis improvemeuts as a miner.” However, tbe miners will continue to cut what timber is necessary for their business on either odd or even sections belonging to Government or railroad unless stopped by legal measures, Itis only high up in the mountains tbat much of this land is left, nearly all the rest having beeu purchased. Manufacturers of timber have bought from the railroad their rigbts in odd sections, and, of course, in such cases, they prevent the miners, as far as possible, from cutting any timber at all. The Commissioner of the General Land Office in his annual report, just filed, recommends that Congress withdraw all lands chiefly valuable for piue timber from the operation of tbe homestead and pre-emption laws, and also from sale, except for casb ; also that the Secretary of the interior be authorized to sell timber from tbe public lands in mining districts; also, to sell timber upon any unsurveyed land, not mineral, when needed for actual settlement before publie surveys; also, that a law be enacted providiug for the care and custody of timber lands unfit for agricultural purposes, and for tbe gradual sale, and for perpetuating the growth of timber on such lands. Legislation authorizing seizures of timber cut from public lands, without resort to the tedious processes of the courts, is also recommended. The Legislature and the Mines. The State Legislature will convene at Sacra. mento in a short time and if our mining friends have any suggestions to make to the memhers they can commence putting on their thinking caps and prepare tbeir arguments. Tbe Legislature itself cannot make any changes in the mining laws, but can memorialize Congress on the subject. It can, however, take cognizance of stock gambling, and endeavor to remedy some of the evils connected with it. Perbaps the Palace Hotel Reform Committee, which was to make a great change in the methods of dealing in stocks, hut bas done nothing as yet, may have a chance to come forward with some valuable suggestions for reform. Still, as they bave not done so, those of our readers who have bad any experience on tbe subject can ventilate their views in the Press. Our columns are open to tbe discussion of all subjects of this character. . Our legislative frieuds who are desirous of really benefiting the mining interests, can see what the working miners think by reading the Press. If they bave little or no knowledge of the subject, they can speedily post themselves by a perusal of our columns from week to week, and in case any controversy affecting the miners is carried on, they may he ahle to judge of its merits by reading the discussions carried on by those interested. Several questions of vital importance will come np at the present session of the Legislature, and the members owe it to themselves and to their constituents to thoroughly understand the matters in all their bearings hefore casting. their votes. We sball endeavor, as far as lies in our power, to throw what light we can on these subjects, and are anxious that our readers should contribute as far as possible to tbe same end. Hayden's Survey and the Archeology of the Southwest. Up to the year 1874 rumor had been telling many marvelous stories of strange and interesting hahitations of a forgotten people who once occupied the country about the headwaters of the Rio San Juan, but these narrations were so interwoven with romance tbat but few people placed mucb reliance upon them. To those well versed in archeology, ruins of an extensive and interesting character were known to exist throughout New Mexico and Arizona, and the various reports of Albert Johnson, Sitgreaves, Simpson, Whipple, Newberry and others, forms a most interesting chapter in ancient Americau history; but their researches, aside from the meager accounts published by Newberry, threw no light on the marvelons cbf dwellings and towns north of the San Juan. In 1874 the photographic division of the United States Geological Survey was instructed, in connection with its regular work, to visit and report upon tbese ruins, and in pursuance of this object made a basty tour of the regiou ahout the Mesa Verde and the Sierra El Late in southwestern Colorado, the results of which trip, as expressed hy Bancroft in the ‘‘Native Races of tbe Pacific Coast:” ‘“Altbough made known to the world ouly throngh a three or four day’s exploration hy a party of three men, are of the greatest importance.” A report was made and published with 14 illustrations in the Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of tbe Territories, Second Series No, 1, and some of the engravings were recently reproduced iu our columns, The following year the same region was visited by Mr. W. H. Holmes, one of the geologists of the Hayden survey, and a careful investigation made of all the ruins. Mr. Jackson, who had made the report the previous year, also revisited this locality, and extended his explorations down the Sau Juan to the mouth of the DeChelly, and thence to the Moqui villages in northeastern Arizona. Returning, the country hetween the Sierra Ahajo and La Sal, and the La Plata was traversed, and au immense number of very interesting ruins were first brought to the attention of the outside world by the report which was publisbed tbe following winter by Messrs. Holmes and Jackson in tbe Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, vol. it. No. 1. The occasion of the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia, led to the idea of preparing models of tbese ruins, for the clearer iliustration of their peculiarities, four of which were completed in season for the opening of the exbibition, The first was made by Mr. Holmes witb whom the idea originated, and represents the ‘‘Cliff house of the Mancos canyon,” tbe exterior dimensions of which are 28 inches in breadth by 46 inches in bight, and the scale 1 to 24; or two feet to the inch. This is a twostory huilding constructed of stone, occupying a, narrow ledge in the vertical face of tbe bluff, 700 feet above the valley, and 200 feet from the top. It is 24 feet in length and 14 feet in depth, divided into four rooms on the ground fioor. The beams supporting the second floor are all destroyed. The doorways, serving also as windows, were quite small, only oue small aperture in the outer wall facing the valley. The exposed walls were lightly plastered over with clay and so closely resembled the general surface of the bluff tbat it becomes exceedingly difficult to distinguisb them at a little distance from their surroundings. The second model of this series was constrneted by Mr. Jackson, and represents the large ‘Cave town in the valley of the Rio de Chelly,” near its junction witb the San Juan. This town is located upon a narrow bench occuring about S0 feet above tbe base of a perpendicular bluff some 300 feet in hight. It is 545 feet in length, about 40 feet at its greatest depth, and shows about 75 apartments ou its ground plan, ‘The left haud third of the town, as we face it, is overbung some distance by the hluff, protecting tbe huildings beneath much more perfectly than the others. This is the portion represented by tbe model. A three-story tower forms the central.feature; upon either side are tows of lesser buildings, huilt one above anotber upon the sloping floor of rock. Nearly all these hnildings are in a fair state of preservation. This model is 37 hy 47 incbes, outside measurement, and the scale 1 to 72, or six feet to the inch, A “Restoration” of the above forms the third in the series—of the same size and scale—aud is intended, as its name implies, to represent as nearly as possihle the original condition of the ruin, In this we see that the approaches were made by ladders and steps hewn in the rock, and that the roof of oue tier of rooms served as a terrace for those back of them, showing a similarity, at least in their construction, to the works of the Pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona, Scattered ahout over the huildiugs are miniature representations of tbe people at their various occupations, with pottery and other domestic utensils. The ‘‘Triple-Walled Tower,” at the head of the McElmo, is the suhject of the fourth model. It was constructed by Mr. Holmes and represents, as indicated by its title, a triple-walled tower, situated in the midst of a considerable extent of lesser ruius, probably of dwellings, oe low bench bordering the dry-wash of the McElmo. Tbe tower is 42 feet in diameter, the wall two-feet thick, and now standing some 12 feet bigb. The two outer walls enclose a space of six feet in width, whicb is divided into 14 equally sized rooms, communicating with one another by small window-like doorways. ‘Tbe above are all tbat were exbibited at Philadelphia; since tben others have been made hy Mr. Jackson, as follows: ‘A Cliff House in the valley of the Rio de Chelly.” It is abont 20 miles above tbe cave town already spoken of. This is a two-story house, about 20 feet square, occupying a ledge some 75 feet ahove tbe valley and overhung by the bluff. The approach from the valley is by a series of steps hewn in the steep face of the rock, and this method was the one most used hy the occupauts, although there is a way out to tbe top of the bluff. This model is 42 inches in bight by 24 broad, and is built upon a scale of 1 to 36. “Tiwa,” one of the seven Moqui towns in northeastern Arizona, is a very interesting and instructive mod&l, representing as it does one of the most ancient and best authenticated of the dwellings of a people who are supposed to be the descendants of the cliff dwellers. Tiwa is the first of the seven villages forming the province, as we approach them from tbe east, and occupies the summit of a narrow mesa some 600 feet in bight and 1,200 yards in length, upon which are also two other somewhat similar villages, The approach is by a circuitous roadway bewn in the perpendicular face of the hluff, which surrounds the mesa on all sides; it is the only approach accessible for animals to the tbree villages. Other ladder-like stairways are cut in tbe rock, which are used principally by tbe water carriers, for all their springs and reservoirs are at the bottom of the mesa. ‘bis village is represented upon a scale of one inch to eight feet or 1 to 96. The dimensions of the model are 36 incbes in length, 29 inches in width and 14 inches high, In the spring of 1877 Mr. Jackson made a tour over much of the northern part of New Mexico and westward to the Moqui towus in Arizona, and secured materials for a number of very interesting models, illustrating the methods of the Pueblos or Town Builders in the construction of their dwellings. ‘Two villages have been selected for immediate construction, as showing the most ancient and best known examples of their peculiar architecture, viz.; Taos and Acoma, the one of many storied, terraced bouses, and the otber built high up on animpregnable rock. The model of Taos is now completed, the dimensions of which are 42 by 39 incbes, and tbe scale one inch to 29 feet. Of this town Davis says: “It is the best sample of tbe an-cient mode of building. Here are two large houses, 300 or 400 feet in length, and about 150 feet wide at the base. They are situated upon opposite sides of a small creek, and in ancient times are said to bave been connected with a bridge. They are five and six stories high, each story receding from the one below it, and thus forniing a structure terraced from top to bottom. Each story is divided into numerous little compartments, the outer tier of rooms being lighted by small windows in the sides, while those in the interior of the building are dark and are principally used as store-rooms. Tbe only means of entrance is througb a trap door in the roof, and yon ascend from story to story by means of ladders on the outside, which are drawn up at night.” Their contact witb Enropeans has modified somewhat their ancient style of buildings, principally in substituting doorways in the walls of their houses for those in the roof. Tbeir modern buildings are rarely over two stories in bigbt, and are not distinguishable from those of their Mexican neighbors. The village is surrounded by an adobe wall, which is just included within the limits of the model, and incloses an area of 1] or 12 acres in extent. Within this limit are four of their estufas, or secret council houses. These are circular, underground apartments, with a narrow opening in tbe roof; surrounded by a palisade, ladders being used to go in and out. These models are first carefully built up in clay, in which material all the detail is readily sccured, and are then cast in plaster, a mold being secured by which they are readily multiplied to any extent. They are tben putin the hands of the artists and carefully colored in solid oil paints to accurately resemble their appearance in nature, and in the case of restorations, or modern buildings, all the little additions are made which will give the appearance of occupation. The survey is in possession of the data for the construction of many more models, and they will be hrought out as opportunity is given. They have also in connection with the ruins, multiplied many of the curious pieces of pottery which have been hrought back from that region by the various parties connected witb the survey. Many prominent dignitaries in Constantinople have been arrested by order of the Grand Vizier. Itis said that a conspiracy on the part of a party of cx-Sultan Murad has been discovered. Our Oregon agent, Mr. E. M. Deuny, has been heard from at the Dalles, and we soon expect some correspondence for the Press from our flourishing sister State. —

MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS [November 10, 1877. Sentor Eniror. DEWEY & CO., Publishers, A. T. DEWEY, GEO, H. STRONG. W. B, EWER, JNO, L. BOONE. Office, No. 202 Sansome Street, N. BE. Corner of Pine Street, San Francisco. Subscription and Advertising Rates: AnvertisinG RATES. 1 week. 1month, $mos. 12 mos Per line.....ceresene 25 80 $ 2.00 $ 5.00 Half inch (¢ ware). $1.00 $3.00 7.50 24.00 One inch. 1. 4,00 12.00 40.00 Large advertisements at favorable rates. Special or reading notices, legal advertisements, notices appearing in extraordinary type or in particular parts of the paper, inserted at special rates. Four insertions are rated ina month. _ ; SupscrietioN iy AnvANcE—Postage paid—one year, $4; six months, $2.25; three months, $1.25. Remittances by registered letters or P. O orders at our risk, Tue OniGginst ARTICLES in this paper are mostly set in golid type, giving in our columns one-third more reading than is contained in ordinary leaded matter. Apnress ali letters to the firm, and not to individual members, or others, who may at any time be absent. Our latest forms go to press on Thursday evening. SAN FRANCISCO: Saturday Morning, Nov, 10,1877. TABLE OF CONTENTS. GENERAL EDITORIALS.—Items of Interest from the Mincs; Academy of Sciences; On the Death of Leverrier; The ‘‘Devil’s Gate;” Bullion Shipments; Paper Stock and Manufacture, 289. The Week; Timber of Mineral Lands; The Degislature and the Mines; Hayden’s Survey and the Archeology of the Southwest, 296. Hydraulic Mining in California, 29'7-300. The Mining Share Market; The Arizona Bonanza; Duhem & Bennett’s Dry Placer Amalgamator; Technical Education of Miucrs; No Delay in Patent Business, 800. Notices of Recent Patents; Patents and Inveutions, 301. ILLUSTRATIONS.—The Devil's Gate, Washoe, 289. Section of Wall Ditch ona Line of La Grange Mining Co.'s Ditch; La Grange Ditch, North Bloomfield Ditch; Crossing of La Grange Flume at Indian Bar, 297. CORRESPONDENCKE.—Harrisburg District; Weight of One Cubic Foot of Gold, 190. MECHANICAL PROGRESS.—The Field Still Open for Inventors; The Jewelry Industry of the United States; Square Shoulders to Pivots, Progress; Keeley; Burnished Gilding on Glass; A Rock Boring Device; Incrusted Brouze, 291. SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS.—Catastrophism; Climatic Changes in Europe; A River of Ink; What Hooker and Gray will Do; Combustion of Petroleum; Arctic Coal; New Specific Gravity Machine; Compressibility of nice Seeds in Sea Water, 291. MINING SUMMARY from the various counties of California, Nevada, Arizona, Oregonand Utah, 293300. MINING STOCK MAREHT.—Sales at the San Francisco, Pacific and California Stock Boards; Notices of Assessments, Meetings and Dividends, 292. THE ENGINEER.—Sounding for the Channel Tunnel; The Hudson River Tunnel; New Docks on the Clyde; Curious Tracklaying; A Great Work in Holland; Reclaiming the Everglades; Mr. Eads’ Pay for the Jetties; Conpled-Leveling Instrument; Resistance of Railway Curves; A Stone Bridge, 294. USEFUL INFORMATION.—Guarding the Snow Sheds; Curious Marks of Admixture in Wools; Waxed Paper; Post Office Dangers; The French Beet Sugar Industry, 295. GOOD HEALTH—Economy in Foods; Garbage; A Homeopathic Journal, 295. MISCHLLANEOUS.—The Silver Caves of Pern; Sojution for Brightening Silver; The Legislature of 1877-8; Dangers of Coal Mining; Settling; Desert Land huvestigation; Immense Pipe Line Pump Station, 290. Lucky Strike; The North Calkoun Mine; A Complete Mill; Japanese Mirrors; The Abuse of Saws, 294. Heroines of the Hour; Realities; Russian Soldiers and the Bible, 295, Copper Mines on Snake River; The Fireside; Elephantine Vocalism; Bristol and Jackrabbit Districts; Iron Sailiug Ships; Eberhardt and Aurora; Formation of Cannel Coal; Moutana Mining Items: New Motor, 298. 2 NEW ADVERTISEMENTS. Delinquent Notice—Mariposa Land and Mining Co.; Assessment Notice—Excelsior Silver Mining Co. ~ The Week. The receut rains have dispelled any lingering fears of another dry winter and already a revival of business is noted. The bydraulic miners throughout tbe State will soon be actively at work again, and the springs and vivers, as they commence to rise will start up many idle quartz mills, The principal item of interest in connection with mining matters this week bas been the reported strike in the 1900foot level of the Ophir mine, and the refusal of the Superintendent to allow an inspection of the mine by stockholders. Thcre seems to he some mystery in connection with the matter which is not yet cleared up. The Committee of Comstock mining superintendents appointed to inquire into the cost of pumping water, and to investigate other points connected witb the Sutro tunnel question, held a meeting at the Chollar-Potosi office on Tuesday. There were present Superintendents Fair, Smith, Mackay, Requa, Patton, Schultz, Forman, Osbiston, Strother, Hardy, Gillette and Shepperd. ‘The reports of the various superintendents were received and discussed. A News reporter interviewed Mr. Requa, chairman of the committee, and learned that it had been resolved not to make anything public until tbe report of the committee is submitted to the mine managers in San Francisco. Messrs. Requa and Patton were deputed to carry the report to San Fraucisco, They arrived here on Thursday night. As soon as the report is made public we will publish it.] Burning Timber on Mineral Lands. The bill introduced in Congress by Ex-Gov‘lernor Pacheco, of this State, for the sale of timber land, exempts from its operations all lands containing minerals, and all settlers’ improvements. It also reserves all bona fide rights already attached under United States laws, and in regard to lands hereafter to be surveyed, gives actual occupants prior opportunities for purcbase hefore offermg lands for public sale, Each applicant for purcbasing any quarter section already surveyed is required to make oath of his bona fide intention to appropriate the same for his own use, and not for sale, and tbat be has made no other application, and has not agreed in any way to transfer the title. Pacheco says he is not committed to every detail of the bill, and will ask its very careful consideration at the hands of tbe Public Lands Committee, of whicb he is a member. The Government practically permits miners to cut timher on the public lands for miuing purposes. On the even sections they cut as much as they see fit, and itis only when there is wanton waste that they are arrested. Most of this land, however, is now taken up hy private parties. Manufacturers of lumber for mining purposes have bought up large tracts, and in most cases the miners now buy their timber. On the odd sections, or railroad lands, the miners have also been in the babit of eutting timber, although tbe Central Pacifie Company have brought several suits to prevent it. Mineral lands do not pass to the Central Pacific railroad by virtue of its grant, but the timher being or growing on mineral land, within ten miles of tbe center line of the road or its branches, was granted to said company, except so much as is necessary to support the improvements ot mine owners upon the given tracts. The question is, how much is necessary? and in a number of instances suits have been brought. When patent issues for such mineral land, it is necessary to insert therein a clause excepting from -the operation of the patent all timber being or growing upon odd-numbered sections within the limits referred to, except such “‘as is necessary to support bis improvemeuts as a miner.” However, tbe miners will continue to cut what timber is necessary for their business on either odd or even sections belonging to Government or railroad unless stopped by legal measures, Itis only high up in the mountains tbat much of this land is left, nearly all the rest having beeu purchased. Manufacturers of timber have bought from the railroad their rigbts in odd sections, and, of course, in such cases, they prevent the miners, as far as possible, from cutting any timber at all. The Commissioner of the General Land Office in his annual report, just filed, recommends that Congress withdraw all lands chiefly valuable for piue timber from the operation of tbe homestead and pre-emption laws, and also from sale, except for casb ; also that the Secretary of the interior be authorized to sell timber from tbe public lands in mining districts; also, to sell timber upon any unsurveyed land, not mineral, when needed for actual settlement before publie surveys; also, that a law be enacted providiug for the care and custody of timber lands unfit for agricultural purposes, and for tbe gradual sale, and for perpetuating the growth of timber on such lands. Legislation authorizing seizures of timber cut from public lands, without resort to the tedious processes of the courts, is also recommended. The Legislature and the Mines. The State Legislature will convene at Sacra. mento in a short time and if our mining friends have any suggestions to make to the memhers they can commence putting on their thinking caps and prepare tbeir arguments. Tbe Legislature itself cannot make any changes in the mining laws, but can memorialize Congress on the subject. It can, however, take cognizance of stock gambling, and endeavor to remedy some of the evils connected with it. Perbaps the Palace Hotel Reform Committee, which was to make a great change in the methods of dealing in stocks, hut bas done nothing as yet, may have a chance to come forward with some valuable suggestions for reform. Still, as they bave not done so, those of our readers who have bad any experience on tbe subject can ventilate their views in the Press. Our columns are open to tbe discussion of all subjects of this character. . Our legislative frieuds who are desirous of really benefiting the mining interests, can see what the working miners think by reading the Press. If they bave little or no knowledge of the subject, they can speedily post themselves by a perusal of our columns from week to week, and in case any controversy affecting the miners is carried on, they may he ahle to judge of its merits by reading the discussions carried on by those interested. Several questions of vital importance will come np at the present session of the Legislature, and the members owe it to themselves and to their constituents to thoroughly understand the matters in all their bearings hefore casting. their votes. We sball endeavor, as far as lies in our power, to throw what light we can on these subjects, and are anxious that our readers should contribute as far as possible to tbe same end. Hayden's Survey and the Archeology of

the Southwest. Up to the year 1874 rumor had been telling many marvelous stories of strange and interesting hahitations of a forgotten people who once occupied the country about the headwaters of the Rio San Juan, but these narrations were so interwoven with romance tbat but few people placed mucb reliance upon them. To those well versed in archeology, ruins of an extensive and interesting character were known to exist throughout New Mexico and Arizona, and the various reports of Albert Johnson, Sitgreaves, Simpson, Whipple, Newberry and others, forms a most interesting chapter in ancient Americau history; but their researches, aside from the meager accounts published by Newberry, threw no light on the marvelons cbf dwellings and towns north of the San Juan. In 1874 the photographic division of the United States Geological Survey was instructed, in connection with its regular work, to visit and report upon tbese ruins, and in pursuance of this object made a basty tour of the regiou ahout the Mesa Verde and the Sierra El Late in southwestern Colorado, the results of which trip, as expressed hy Bancroft in the ‘‘Native Races of tbe Pacific Coast:” ‘“Altbough made known to the world ouly throngh a three or four day’s exploration hy a party of three men, are of the greatest importance.” A report was made and published with 14 illustrations in the Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of tbe Territories, Second Series No, 1, and some of the engravings were recently reproduced iu our columns, The following year the same region was visited by Mr. W. H. Holmes, one of the geologists of the Hayden survey, and a careful investigation made of all the ruins. Mr. Jackson, who had made the report the previous year, also revisited this locality, and extended his explorations down the Sau Juan to the mouth of the DeChelly, and thence to the Moqui villages in northeastern Arizona. Returning, the country hetween the Sierra Ahajo and La Sal, and the La Plata was traversed, and au immense number of very interesting ruins were first brought to the attention of the outside world by the report which was publisbed tbe following winter by Messrs. Holmes and Jackson in tbe Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, vol. it. No. 1. The occasion of the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia, led to the idea of preparing models of tbese ruins, for the clearer iliustration of their peculiarities, four of which were completed in season for the opening of the exbibition, The first was made by Mr. Holmes witb whom the idea originated, and represents the ‘‘Cliff house of the Mancos canyon,” tbe exterior dimensions of which are 28 inches in breadth by 46 inches in bight, and the scale 1 to 24; or two feet to the inch. This is a twostory huilding constructed of stone, occupying a, narrow ledge in the vertical face of tbe bluff, 700 feet above the valley, and 200 feet from the top. It is 24 feet in length and 14 feet in depth, divided into four rooms on the ground fioor. The beams supporting the second floor are all destroyed. The doorways, serving also as windows, were quite small, only oue small aperture in the outer wall facing the valley. The exposed walls were lightly plastered over with clay and so closely resembled the general surface of the bluff tbat it becomes exceedingly difficult to distinguisb them at a little distance from their surroundings. The second model of this series was constrneted by Mr. Jackson, and represents the large ‘Cave town in the valley of the Rio de Chelly,” near its junction witb the San Juan. This town is located upon a narrow bench occuring about S0 feet above tbe base of a perpendicular bluff some 300 feet in hight. It is 545 feet in length, about 40 feet at its greatest depth, and shows about 75 apartments ou its ground plan, ‘The left haud third of the town, as we face it, is overbung some distance by the hluff, protecting tbe huildings beneath much more perfectly than the others. This is the portion represented by tbe model. A three-story tower forms the central.feature; upon either side are tows of lesser buildings, huilt one above anotber upon the sloping floor of rock. Nearly all these hnildings are in a fair state of preservation. This model is 37 hy 47 incbes, outside measurement, and the scale 1 to 72, or six feet to the inch, A “Restoration” of the above forms the third in the series—of the same size and scale—aud is intended, as its name implies, to represent as nearly as possihle the original condition of the ruin, In this we see that the approaches were made by ladders and steps hewn in the rock, and that the roof of oue tier of rooms served as a terrace for those back of them, showing a similarity, at least in their construction, to the works of the Pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona, Scattered ahout over the huildiugs are miniature representations of tbe people at their various occupations, with pottery and other domestic utensils. The ‘‘Triple-Walled Tower,” at the head of the McElmo, is the suhject of the fourth model. It was constructed by Mr. Holmes and represents, as indicated by its title, a triple-walled tower, situated in the midst of a considerable extent of lesser ruius, probably of dwellings, oe low bench bordering the dry-wash of the McElmo. Tbe tower is 42 feet in diameter, the wall two-feet thick, and now standing some 12 feet bigb. The two outer walls enclose a space of six feet in width, whicb is divided into 14 equally sized rooms, communicating with one another by small window-like doorways. ‘Tbe above are all tbat were exbibited at Philadelphia; since tben others have been made hy Mr. Jackson, as follows: ‘A Cliff House in the valley of the Rio de Chelly.” It is abont 20 miles above tbe cave town already spoken of. This is a two-story house, about 20 feet square, occupying a ledge some 75 feet ahove tbe valley and overhung by the bluff. The approach from the valley is by a series of steps hewn in the steep face of the rock, and this method was the one most used hy the occupauts, although there is a way out to tbe top of the bluff. This model is 42 inches in bight by 24 broad, and is built upon a scale of 1 to 36. “Tiwa,” one of the seven Moqui towns in northeastern Arizona, is a very interesting and instructive mod&l, representing as it does one of the most ancient and best authenticated of the dwellings of a people who are supposed to be the descendants of the cliff dwellers. Tiwa is the first of the seven villages forming the province, as we approach them from tbe east, and occupies the summit of a narrow mesa some 600 feet in bight and 1,200 yards in length, upon which are also two other somewhat similar villages, The approach is by a circuitous roadway bewn in the perpendicular face of the hluff, which surrounds the mesa on all sides; it is the only approach accessible for animals to the tbree villages. Other ladder-like stairways are cut in tbe rock, which are used principally by tbe water carriers, for all their springs and reservoirs are at the bottom of the mesa. ‘bis village is represented upon a scale of one inch to eight feet or 1 to 96. The dimensions of the model are 36 incbes in length, 29 inches in width and 14 inches high, In the spring of 1877 Mr. Jackson made a tour over much of the northern part of New Mexico and westward to the Moqui towus in Arizona, and secured materials for a number of very interesting models, illustrating the methods of the Pueblos or Town Builders in the construction of their dwellings. ‘Two villages have been selected for immediate construction, as showing the most ancient and best known examples of their peculiar architecture, viz.; Taos and Acoma, the one of many storied, terraced bouses, and the otber built high up on animpregnable rock. The model of Taos is now completed, the dimensions of which are 42 by 39 incbes, and tbe scale one inch to 29 feet. Of this town Davis says: “It is the best sample of tbe an-cient mode of building. Here are two large houses, 300 or 400 feet in length, and about 150 feet wide at the base. They are situated upon opposite sides of a small creek, and in ancient times are said to bave been connected with a bridge. They are five and six stories high, each story receding from the one below it, and thus forniing a structure terraced from top to bottom. Each story is divided into numerous little compartments, the outer tier of rooms being lighted by small windows in the sides, while those in the interior of the building are dark and are principally used as store-rooms. Tbe only means of entrance is througb a trap door in the roof, and yon ascend from story to story by means of ladders on the outside, which are drawn up at night.” Their contact witb Enropeans has modified somewhat their ancient style of buildings, principally in substituting doorways in the walls of their houses for those in the roof. Tbeir modern buildings are rarely over two stories in bigbt, and are not distinguishable from those of their Mexican neighbors. The village is surrounded by an adobe wall, which is just included within the limits of the model, and incloses an area of 1] or 12 acres in extent. Within this limit are four of their estufas, or secret council houses. These are circular, underground apartments, with a narrow opening in tbe roof; surrounded by a palisade, ladders being used to go in and out. These models are first carefully built up in clay, in which material all the detail is readily sccured, and are then cast in plaster, a mold being secured by which they are readily multiplied to any extent. They are tben putin the hands of the artists and carefully colored in solid oil paints to accurately resemble their appearance in nature, and in the case of restorations, or modern buildings, all the little additions are made which will give the appearance of occupation. The survey is in possession of the data for the construction of many more models, and they will be hrought out as opportunity is given. They have also in connection with the ruins, multiplied many of the curious pieces of pottery which have been hrought back from that region by the various parties connected witb the survey. Many prominent dignitaries in Constantinople have been arrested by order of the Grand Vizier. Itis said that a conspiracy on the part of a party of cx-Sultan Murad has been discovered. Our Oregon agent, Mr. E. M. Deuny, has been heard from at the Dalles, and we soon expect some correspondence for the Press from our flourishing sister State. —