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Culture Contact in Protohistoric California (33 pages)
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Page: of 33
CULTURE CONTACT IN PROTOHISTORIC CALIFORNIA 141
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> small tween the voyagers and native peoples. We then
ymposirecorded the geographic places where the enation of counters took place, tabulating the duration of
arse rethe anchorage for each place (or when possible,
ers that _ the length of time of actual encounters), the
lence tome kinds of encounters that took place, and the
od reaccma types of materials that may have been ex: among _ changed. Also considered in this analysis were
any archaeological remains attributed to these
voyages, with a primary focus on materials rethe e covered in midden deposits from the shipwreck
ive an of the San Agustin.'
It is recognized from the outset that there are
analysis many problems in undertaking such an analysis.
> These problems include the brevity of original
‘ces for . + -documents, mistakes in copying and translating
erials in journals and logs, controversies in identifying
Jistan _ modern places where anchorages took place, and
ynside _ inaccuracies in recording dates, the timing of
> events, and the number of people involved in en1 goo Ee counters. It is also important to consider how
: the writings of the early chroniclers were influ39). Fienced by the geopolitics of the 1500s and 1600s,
which most likely affected how events were por-trayed to government officials, competing nations, and the literate public (e.g., Kelsey
lations. 1990:446-456). Given the continuing debate over
the precise locations of anchorages, the geographic names as originally reported by the voyagers and translated in published sources are
rotohi ys, used herein. Since excellent accounts of these
voyages are presented elsewhere, they are only
briefly summarized here, along with the sources
employed in this analysis.
A The first of the five early voyages to Calive, this fornia was the Cabrillo-Ferrelo expedition that
embarked from Puerto de Navidad, Mexico, on
June 27, 1542, in the flagship San Salvador, a
companion vessel called the Victoria, and probably one other vessel (Kelsey 1979:322-327).
The purpose of the voyage, originally commanded by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, and after his
death by Bartolomé Ferrelo, was to explore and
Map the coastline north of known landmarks in
lower Baja California. In a journey that lasted
for more than nine months, the crew may have
sailed as far north as the Oregon border, contacting native peoples along the west coast of
Baja California, the San Diego region, several
Channel Islands, and the Santa Barbara Channel.
Our analysis is based on the two primary
sources of the Cabrillo-Ferrelo expedition,
which are both condensed accounts written in the
third person that probably summarize a much
longer, more detailed journal of the voyage.
The primary narrative, commonly attributed to
Juan P4ez, is translated by Bolton (1916:13-39)
and Wagner (1929:79-93), while the other is
Antonio de Herrera’s account (Wagner 1941:6570). Quinn’s (1979a:451-461) version of the
Paez account, which we rely on here, is taken
from Bolton (1916) and corrected from Wagner
(1929).
The second known expedition was that of the
notorious English captain, Francis Drake, who
visited a small harbor, probably in Coast Miwok
territory, for 36 days (from June 17 to July 23,
1579). While the crew sought supplies and refurbished their ship, the Golden Hind, numerous
encounters with local native peoples occurred in
Drake’s encampment, as well as in outlying villages. Our analysis is based primarily on the
1628 account by Francis Fletcher, a chaplain on
Drake’s ship (Vaux 1854; Quinn 1979b:467476), as well as the ‘‘Famous Voyage’’ account
of Drake’s visit to California (Quinn 1979c:463467).
The next voyage to California was in a small
jrigata commanded by Pedro de Unamuno, who
made a brief landfall probably near Morro Bay
from October 18 to October 20, 1587. During
this stopover, an armed confrontation took place
with local natives. The ship then returned to
Acapulco, Mexico, without further incident.
For the purposes of this analysis, we consulted
the correspondence dated December 1587 from
de Unamuno to the Viceroy of Mexico (Wagner
1929:141-151).
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