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A Case Study of a Northern California Indian Tribe - Cultural Change to 1860 (1977) (109 pages)
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Page: of 109
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burning their timber, and destroying their dams. For these violations they claim no money. They simply want small annuities of
blankets, clothing and food. 03
Johnston proposed an alternative plan to the annuity payments featured in
General Green's Treaty. He suggested the establishment of three supply depots in the
Sacramento valley to furnish Indian tribes with subsistence and clothing. (See
National Census of Indians Living Within Nisenan Territory, 1850, p. 56, Indians Attending School Within Nisenan Territory in 1850, as Returned by Families, p. 57, and
Adult Indians Within Nisenan Territory Who Could Not Read in 1850, p. 57). Johnston
argued that his policy would be more economical than General Green's -annuity program
and would bring "civilization" to Indians (mountain and foothill Nisenan tribes)
inhabiting remote refuge areas. Johnston cited interviews with immigrants living
on Nisenan territory who stated that "where mountain Indians had been well treated
by whites, they returned to their tribes with high regard for Americans .'194
The Federal Government was not prepared to conciliate or support the
California Indian population during the summer of 1850. Accordingly, Johnston'sprogram for the distribution of survival goods to needy Indian tribes (some Nisenan)
and General Green's conciliatory plan were rejected. Foothill and neunealn Nisenan
tribes who signed General Green's treaty in good faith never received any material
compensation.
Order could not prevail in Nisenan territory with continued incentives for
outrage. Paul Wittemberg, a traveler-explorer, visited the Hock Nisenan tribe in
the summer of 1850 and discussed their reaction to the 49er inundation.
The injustices and violence with which they (Hock Nisenan tribe)
have been treated by the squatters and vagabonds with whom unfortunately California abounds has much embittered these harmless creatures against the Anglo-Saxon race.105
Indian appeals for redress Sram outrages committed by "lazy, vicious, and
drunken miners" in Nisenan territory were disregarded, conflict was inevitable. A
_. , volunteer militia of immigrants from Placerville, in El Dorado County, were forced to
retreat from an engagement with the Middletown foothill Nisenan tribe. At a town
meeting, a doctor justified destroying the Middletown village.