March 7, 1973 (12 pages)

‘Ned. Mar. 7, 1973 The Nevada County Nugget 5 Support Your 1953 Nevada County Red Cross Drive NEVADA CITY. fuGuEL —_ SERVING THE NEVADA COUNTY COMMUNITIES OF NEVADA CITY, GRASS VALLEY, RED DOG, YOU BET, TOWN TALK, GLENBROOK, LITTLE YORK, CHEROKEE, SWEETLAND, ALPHA, OMEGA, FRENCH CORRAL, ROUGH AND READY, GRANITEVILLE, NORTH SAN JUAN, NORTH BLOOMFIELD, HUMBUG, RELIEF HILL, WASHINGTON, BLUE TENT, LaBARR MEADOWS, CEDAR RIDGE, UNION HILL, PEARDALE, SUMMIT CITY, WALLOUPA, GOUGE EYE, LIME KILN. CHICAGO PARK. WOLF, CHRISTMAS ‘HILL, LIBERTY HILL, SAILOR FLAT, LAKE CffY, SELBY FLAT, GRIZZLY HILL, GOLD FLAT, SOGGSVILLE, GO LD BAR. LOWELL HILL, BOURBON HILL, SCOTCH HILL, NORTH COLUMBIA, COLUMBIA HILL, BRANDY FLAT, SEBASTOPOL, QUAKER HILL, ‘WILLOW VALLEY, NEWTOWN, INDIAN FLAT, BRIDGEPORT, BIRCHVILLE, MOORE ‘S FLAT, ORLEANS FLAT, REMINGTON HILL, ANTHONY HOUSE, DELIRIUM TREMERS, Volume 27, No. . . SSS ~ Nevada City, Nevada County, California, Thursday, March 12, 1953 ° Price Five Cents Mistress of Famed Red Castle Dies in Towering Mansion ane NOW HEAR THIS a weekly column by CITY MANAGER RA on municipal affairs In the fabulous era of Nevada County's development from 1850 to the turn. of the century, there was a steady procession of (Editor's Note: Admiral Ray's the great and the near-great, the noted-and the notorious, who left policy of getting the news about municipal government to the citizens through their their mark on the pages of the county's history. This is esiother chapter of a series telling of the accomplishments of thea. per sonages. newspapers received a resounding vote of confidence at Monse night's City Council meetg.) 4 LESTER PELTON PERFECTED A NEW TYPE OF WATER WHEEL WHICH SPEEDED HYDRO. ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHOUT . THE WORLD The city manager attended the annual spring meeting of the City held at Monterey ‘on February 22-25. The purpose of the trip was two-fold: first, to discuss with other city managers such problems of city government which were of mutual interest; secondly, to bring the name and advantages of Nevada City before a state-wide group. City managers and administrative officers from all over California were present at the conference. A surprising number knew of Nevada City and some had ‘Bean here at one time or another. Qne_of the ‘principal advan Lester Allen Pelton, like thousands of other youths from the East, packed his carpet bag and carpenter tools and headed West in 1850. His objective was gold. He found gold, the records show, but not in the dark stopes of @ quartz mine or on the gold bearing gravel bars. workbench in Camptonville, He found it on a Yuba County, and in the shops of the Nevada City foundry. There are those who will rise to contend that Pelton was not aj: Nevada County man and that we have no proper right to claim him as one who left his mark on Nevada County. It is true, he was not a regular resident of Nevada County, but certainly he left his mark on this ceunty. The first twenty years of Pelton’s life in California were com paratively unevegtful. He worked only briefly in the mines and ry Ja. the toweringy-Gaupt mansion-new. known The records are a bit’ obscure but it is as the Red Castle, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Addingprobable he built many houses, bridges, mine buildings and water ton, aged 74, died Sunday night. She had lived then took up carpentry. 43 years in the 90-year-old house on Prospect Hill that overlooks Nevada City. In recent years the But it was waterwheels which captured his attention. He Addingtons had occupied only one portion of the studied the cumbersome and inefficient overshot wheels then in giant house; ballroom, library, and the endless vogue. 'He journeyed to Nevada City to take a look at the wheels ‘rooms of the upstairs quarters long since had which drove a flour mill on Gold Run and a’sawmill on Deer Creek. been blocked off and left to dust and gloom. Mrs. He was more istrigued, however, with the socalled “hurdy gurdy” Addington met her husband, who now survives wheel which was used where high.pressure .water sources were her, when he came as a boarder to the household available. . : wheels. His desire to learn:more about water. wheels became a mania. ‘He bought books on the subject but few< volumes had been written which shed light on what he had in mind. He talked to New Englanders about the water powered devices used to turn the grist mills of the East. Wherever men built water wheels in this area, Pelton was there asking questions, making suggestions and taking notes. i ands of tourists the romantic story of the Red Castle—as whe m in pioneer times a son of the original family would play his trumpet from a third floor balcony, entertaining the entire town. Jose. Funeral services will be held today at 11 am ai the Bergemann Funeral’ Chapel, with graveside rites at the Gold Run Cemetery at 1 pm. Sketch By George Mathis Junior High Proposal Before Voters MAYOR CARTER HERE APPRECIATION DAY ‘STARTS FOR OFFICIAL CALL ata rts. IN NEVADATUESDAY CITY. . A brand new proposition will . be offered Neyada Union High . School district voters when they Thirty-four Nevada City mer Carter also holds the positions . aj} school plan under which the. chants will play host to Western whee} to run an arrastra. The wheel was secured to the vertical . of president of the Chamber of . existing schools in Grass Valley . Nevada County next Tuesday for shaft which actuated the cross bars pulling the heavy drag stones . Commerce of Lake City, chief of . and Nevada City will be convert. the first “Appreciation Day” pro. ed into junior high schools. A jet of water under high pressure was directed against the buckets . police, superintendent of streets, gram . around the wheel's rim. The device became known as the “side/ and all other elective jobs. This . The plan came as a result of The show will begin at 3 p. m. winder.” Pelton heard about it from visiting miners and regretted is in part because he and his}q visit to the board of trustees on Sduth Pine street in front of he couldn't get up to Oregon for a close look. three dogs and one cat are the. jast night by Dr. Charles Bursch, the Elks hall. “chief of the Division of School To back up Appreciation Day, By the middle. Seventies, one definite point had emerged from town’s only residents. “They'll never put Lake City/ Planning of the State Departthe participating merchants are the tangle of theories and experiments. The overshot water whee! barwas outmoded and many of them were discarded or abandoned. The off the map but they're trying! ment of Education. Dr. Bursch, offering special one-day to,” said Carter. . an expert in this field, set forth gains. . ympact wheel was the thing of the hour. He has been a resident of Lake! the state school planning recMerchants participating are: If you wanted water power to turn your machinery you must City for 10 years and a Nevada! ommendations. . Western Auto Supply, Nevada have a contrivance in which a powerful jet of water struck a Countyan for 60 years. HiS age. At the present time, no decisCity Garage, Shirley Chevron orcle of paddles or buckets around the rim of a wheel. is somewhere around 80 but his! ions have been made as to when . Service, Melton’s Red & White, Then came the big moment when the “splitter” principal was spirit is at least 20 years young-. the vote will be called for a . Painter's Market, Dilley’s Marborn er. “Lake City in the gold days. bond issue to build a new high !ket, Knee’s Radio Electric, G . and H Pharmacy. R. J. Berggren, The splitter (actually the only distinctive feature of the Pelton had 700 residents,” he recollects. . schoul wedgea striking Carter says that of his dogs, . -——_—_____—_—. . Specialty Shop, Central Food Wheel) can best be described as a jet of water shaped partition between two curved cups. The stream divided and and the two parts of the jet followed the curve of the two cups as close emerged at the outer edge. These double cups were placed together as possible around the rim of the wheel. was grantIt was the splitter principal through which a patent ed to Pelton on October 26, 1880. but Historians differ as to how the splitter principal emerged Ww. F. Durand of one of the more plausible explanations is by Dr. Wheel. Water Pelton “The Stanford University in his monograph Dr. Durand’s version indicates that the idea was born while Pelion was watching a Knight wheel with a single row of half of round cups in which the jet, struck directly into the bottom the cups. 3 The Knight Wheel shifted slightly on the shaft and the jet struck the inner edge of the bucket rather than the center. Dudie is his he’s . Store, d ig He goes farther hase fer . CITY “I own the town and the Malekoff Diggings,’’ he concluded. BY Novak's Department . Store, Save More Variety Store, i Harris Drug Store, Wm. Home COUNCIL Oe ane dogs are Cockie and VISITED Rudie. Bonie is the cat. tages derived from the confer ence was the upliit in morale experienced by everyone. After listening to the other fellow’s troubles everyone felt better She was the sister of Emily Wall of Gold Run, Placer County, and Herbert C. Townsend of San about his own. Strikingly enough Meanwhile water wheel designing was becoming epidemic. Knight, Coleman, Moore, Dodd and others were building various __©. C, Carter, mayor of Lake! 00 bond issue for construction types of impact: wheels all based on the principal of a jet of water City, paid an official visit to Ne-. of a four year high school, they striking paddles or cups placed around the rim of a wheel. . vada City yesterday. . will be asked to approve an over Up in Oregon’ an ingenious miner fabricated a huge’ water . Managers’ Department of the League of California Cities CAP we found that our troubles were alike—our problems were the same except in magnitude and emphasis. However, a discussion brought out one important difference, between the small and large towns —the smaller towns to afford experienc salary men in key ther, the younger eyes on the. bigger ani tterPaying jobs in the larger towns. Some of the pfoblems discussincluded personnel, annexa ed tion and_ subdivision, utilities, off-street parking, traffic congestion and traffic safety, insurance, and training. A very dynamic delegation from the chambers of commerce of Berkeley,-Glendale, San Francisco and San Leandro formed a panel to disuss the top ic, “The Chamber of Commerce Looks at the City Manager.” It was pvinted out that the city government and the chamber of commerce were both spending the people’s money for the same purpose—a better community in which to live. Various methods by which the efforts of the chamber of commerce and the city administration could be coordinated to obtain greater returns were discussed. Other speakers spoke on the national economy and the effect it will have on the city budget, and pending legisla . Men’s Wear, Bolton’s Variety tion affecting the cities. . Store, Hartman Nash, The Boot Things were pretty peaceful ery, Dickerman Drug Store, Style Food Palace, M'Lady’s Monday .night at the City Coun. Shop, The youngest city manager attending the conference was 28 years old; the oldest, in his 70’s. cil meeting when all of a sudden . Shop, Plaza Tire Shop, Keystone The annual salary range extendthe Civil Air Patrol, properly Meat Market Milton's Confeced from $4200 to over $20,000. uniformed, made their appear. tionery, Plaza Grocery, Alpha . Hardware, News and Novelty After all, city management is big ance. business when budgets run from CHAMBER DIRECTOR Led by Captain Jim Stoddard, . Shop, Hilpert Pet-Garden Supabove-$100,000 into the millions. The ladies held their own. the airmen (and ane attractive . ply, Success Cafe, The Nugget, . Deer Creek Inn, The Bottle Shop. this week at the Chamber of. lady lieutenant) asked the coun. LOUISE RANKIN Commerce as President “Dutch”} cil for permission to do some . . Melton announced the appoint-. much needed building at the airaccording Emma Graham, a native of . Go Ahead Given New : Pelton noted that the wheel gained speed. Thus, . ment as a member of the board . port. Blue Tent, died early Wednesday to the Stanford savant, a great idea was born. The Council agreed with them Small Fry Railroad . of directors Louis Rankin to suc-. morning at the Sutter hospital while ceed Rubye Paulos, who re-/. but pointed out that the present Construction of the miniature in Sacramento. A graduate of the Other chroniclers claimed Pelton discovered. the principal jlease is held by one William ; f signed. experimenting with a wheel near his Camptonville shop. Mrs. Rankin is .president. of . Swain, who has left the communhave us beThere is still another fanciful tale. which would :and. ity. Before any construction can lieve that the splitter principal was born when Lester Pelton. was . the Nevada City Business done, that lease must be satchasing a stray cow from his landlandy’s cabbage patch. As thé cow Professional Womens’ club and. be railroad at Pioneer Park, Nevada City, will be resumed,. the Nevada City High School, she spent most of her 68 years in this Monday. city. She was a 50 year member Possibly it will be in operation of the Methodist Church here. City Council agreed NEVADA CITY'S FIRST APPRECIATION DAY IS TUESDAY (Continued on Page 4) . an ardent Nevada City booster. ‘ isfactorily settled. some time this summer. Bg

‘Ned. Mar. 7, 1973 The Nevada County Nugget 5 Support Your 1953 Nevada County Red Cross Drive NEVADA CITY. fuGuEL —_ SERVING THE NEVADA COUNTY COMMUNITIES OF NEVADA CITY, GRASS VALLEY, RED DOG, YOU BET, TOWN TALK, GLENBROOK, LITTLE YORK, CHEROKEE, SWEETLAND, ALPHA, OMEGA, FRENCH CORRAL, ROUGH AND READY, GRANITEVILLE, NORTH SAN JUAN, NORTH BLOOMFIELD, HUMBUG, RELIEF HILL, WASHINGTON, BLUE TENT, LaBARR MEADOWS, CEDAR RIDGE, UNION HILL, PEARDALE, SUMMIT CITY, WALLOUPA, GOUGE EYE, LIME KILN. CHICAGO PARK. WOLF, CHRISTMAS ‘HILL, LIBERTY HILL, SAILOR FLAT, LAKE CffY, SELBY FLAT, GRIZZLY HILL, GOLD FLAT, SOGGSVILLE, GO LD BAR. LOWELL HILL, BOURBON HILL, SCOTCH HILL, NORTH COLUMBIA, COLUMBIA HILL, BRANDY FLAT, SEBASTOPOL, QUAKER HILL, ‘WILLOW VALLEY, NEWTOWN, INDIAN FLAT, BRIDGEPORT, BIRCHVILLE, MOORE ‘S FLAT, ORLEANS FLAT, REMINGTON HILL, ANTHONY HOUSE, DELIRIUM TREMERS, Volume 27, No. . . SSS ~ Nevada City, Nevada County, California, Thursday, March 12, 1953 ° Price Five Cents Mistress of Famed Red Castle Dies in Towering Mansion ane NOW HEAR THIS a weekly column by CITY MANAGER RA on municipal affairs In the fabulous era of Nevada County's development from 1850 to the turn. of the century, there was a steady procession of (Editor's Note: Admiral Ray's the great and the near-great, the noted-and the notorious, who left policy of getting the news about municipal government to the citizens through their their mark on the pages of the county's history. This is esiother chapter of a series telling of the accomplishments of thea. per sonages. newspapers received a resounding vote of confidence at Monse night's City Council meetg.) 4 LESTER PELTON PERFECTED A NEW TYPE OF WATER WHEEL WHICH SPEEDED HYDRO. ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHOUT . THE WORLD The city manager attended the annual spring meeting of the City held at Monterey ‘on February 22-25. The purpose of the trip was two-fold: first, to discuss with other city managers such problems of city government which were of mutual interest; secondly, to bring the name and advantages of Nevada City before a state-wide group. City managers and administrative officers from all over California were present at the conference. A surprising number knew of Nevada City and some had ‘Bean here at one time or another. Qne_of the ‘principal advan Lester Allen Pelton, like thousands of other youths from the East, packed his carpet bag and carpenter tools and headed West in 1850. His objective was gold. He found gold, the records show, but not in the dark stopes of @ quartz mine or on the gold bearing gravel bars. workbench in Camptonville, He found it on a Yuba County, and in the shops of the Nevada City foundry. There are those who will rise to contend that Pelton was not aj: Nevada County man and that we have no proper right to claim him as one who left his mark on Nevada County. It is true, he was not a regular resident of Nevada County, but certainly he left his mark on this ceunty. The first twenty years of Pelton’s life in California were com paratively unevegtful. He worked only briefly in the mines and ry Ja. the toweringy-Gaupt mansion-new. known The records are a bit’ obscure but it is as the Red Castle, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Addingprobable he built many houses, bridges, mine buildings and water ton, aged 74, died Sunday night. She had lived then took up carpentry. 43 years in the 90-year-old house on Prospect Hill that overlooks Nevada City. In recent years the But it was waterwheels which captured his attention. He Addingtons had occupied only one portion of the studied the cumbersome and inefficient overshot wheels then in giant house; ballroom, library, and the endless vogue. 'He journeyed to Nevada City to take a look at the wheels ‘rooms of the upstairs quarters long since had which drove a flour mill on Gold Run and a’sawmill on Deer Creek. been blocked off and left to dust and gloom. Mrs. He was more istrigued, however, with the socalled “hurdy gurdy” Addington met her husband, who now survives wheel which was used where high.pressure .water sources were her, when he came as a boarder to the household available. . : wheels. His desire to learn:more about water. wheels became a mania. ‘He bought books on the subject but few< volumes had been written which shed light on what he had in mind. He talked to New Englanders about the water powered devices used to turn the grist mills of the East. Wherever men built water wheels in this area, Pelton was there asking questions, making suggestions and taking notes. i ands of tourists the romantic story of the Red Castle—as whe m in pioneer times a son of the original family would play his trumpet from a third floor balcony, entertaining the entire town. Jose. Funeral services will be held today at 11 am ai the Bergemann Funeral’ Chapel, with graveside rites at the Gold Run Cemetery at 1 pm. Sketch By George Mathis Junior High Proposal Before Voters MAYOR CARTER HERE APPRECIATION DAY ‘STARTS FOR OFFICIAL CALL ata rts. IN NEVADATUESDAY CITY. . A brand new proposition will . be offered Neyada Union High . School district voters when they Thirty-four Nevada City mer Carter also holds the positions . aj} school plan under which the. chants will play host to Western whee} to run an arrastra. The wheel was secured to the vertical . of president of the Chamber of . existing schools in Grass Valley . Nevada County next Tuesday for shaft which actuated the cross bars pulling the heavy drag stones . Commerce of Lake City, chief of . and Nevada City will be convert. the first “Appreciation Day” pro. ed into junior high schools. A jet of water under high pressure was directed against the buckets . police, superintendent of streets, gram . around the wheel's rim. The device became known as the “side/ and all other elective jobs. This . The plan came as a result of The show will begin at 3 p. m. winder.” Pelton heard about it from visiting miners and regretted is in part because he and his}q visit to the board of trustees on Sduth Pine street in front of he couldn't get up to Oregon for a close look. three dogs and one cat are the. jast night by Dr. Charles Bursch, the Elks hall. “chief of the Division of School To back up Appreciation Day, By the middle. Seventies, one definite point had emerged from town’s only residents. “They'll never put Lake City/ Planning of the State Departthe participating merchants are the tangle of theories and experiments. The overshot water whee! barwas outmoded and many of them were discarded or abandoned. The off the map but they're trying! ment of Education. Dr. Bursch, offering special one-day to,” said Carter. . an expert in this field, set forth gains. . ympact wheel was the thing of the hour. He has been a resident of Lake! the state school planning recMerchants participating are: If you wanted water power to turn your machinery you must City for 10 years and a Nevada! ommendations. . Western Auto Supply, Nevada have a contrivance in which a powerful jet of water struck a Countyan for 60 years. HiS age. At the present time, no decisCity Garage, Shirley Chevron orcle of paddles or buckets around the rim of a wheel. is somewhere around 80 but his! ions have been made as to when . Service, Melton’s Red & White, Then came the big moment when the “splitter” principal was spirit is at least 20 years young-. the vote will be called for a . Painter's Market, Dilley’s Marborn er. “Lake City in the gold days. bond issue to build a new high !ket, Knee’s Radio Electric, G . and H Pharmacy. R. J. Berggren, The splitter (actually the only distinctive feature of the Pelton had 700 residents,” he recollects. . schoul wedgea striking Carter says that of his dogs, . -——_—_____—_—. . Specialty Shop, Central Food Wheel) can best be described as a jet of water shaped partition between two curved cups. The stream divided and and the two parts of the jet followed the curve of the two cups as close emerged at the outer edge. These double cups were placed together as possible around the rim of the wheel. was grantIt was the splitter principal through which a patent ed to Pelton on October 26, 1880. but

Historians differ as to how the splitter principal emerged Ww. F. Durand of one of the more plausible explanations is by Dr. Wheel. Water Pelton “The Stanford University in his monograph Dr. Durand’s version indicates that the idea was born while Pelion was watching a Knight wheel with a single row of half of round cups in which the jet, struck directly into the bottom the cups. 3 The Knight Wheel shifted slightly on the shaft and the jet struck the inner edge of the bucket rather than the center. Dudie is his he’s . Store, d ig He goes farther hase fer . CITY “I own the town and the Malekoff Diggings,’’ he concluded. BY Novak's Department . Store, Save More Variety Store, i Harris Drug Store, Wm. Home COUNCIL Oe ane dogs are Cockie and VISITED Rudie. Bonie is the cat. tages derived from the confer ence was the upliit in morale experienced by everyone. After listening to the other fellow’s troubles everyone felt better She was the sister of Emily Wall of Gold Run, Placer County, and Herbert C. Townsend of San about his own. Strikingly enough Meanwhile water wheel designing was becoming epidemic. Knight, Coleman, Moore, Dodd and others were building various __©. C, Carter, mayor of Lake! 00 bond issue for construction types of impact: wheels all based on the principal of a jet of water City, paid an official visit to Ne-. of a four year high school, they striking paddles or cups placed around the rim of a wheel. . vada City yesterday. . will be asked to approve an over Up in Oregon’ an ingenious miner fabricated a huge’ water . Managers’ Department of the League of California Cities CAP we found that our troubles were alike—our problems were the same except in magnitude and emphasis. However, a discussion brought out one important difference, between the small and large towns —the smaller towns to afford experienc salary men in key ther, the younger eyes on the. bigger ani tterPaying jobs in the larger towns. Some of the pfoblems discussincluded personnel, annexa ed tion and_ subdivision, utilities, off-street parking, traffic congestion and traffic safety, insurance, and training. A very dynamic delegation from the chambers of commerce of Berkeley,-Glendale, San Francisco and San Leandro formed a panel to disuss the top ic, “The Chamber of Commerce Looks at the City Manager.” It was pvinted out that the city government and the chamber of commerce were both spending the people’s money for the same purpose—a better community in which to live. Various methods by which the efforts of the chamber of commerce and the city administration could be coordinated to obtain greater returns were discussed. Other speakers spoke on the national economy and the effect it will have on the city budget, and pending legisla . Men’s Wear, Bolton’s Variety tion affecting the cities. . Store, Hartman Nash, The Boot Things were pretty peaceful ery, Dickerman Drug Store, Style Food Palace, M'Lady’s Monday .night at the City Coun. Shop, The youngest city manager attending the conference was 28 years old; the oldest, in his 70’s. cil meeting when all of a sudden . Shop, Plaza Tire Shop, Keystone The annual salary range extendthe Civil Air Patrol, properly Meat Market Milton's Confeced from $4200 to over $20,000. uniformed, made their appear. tionery, Plaza Grocery, Alpha . Hardware, News and Novelty After all, city management is big ance. business when budgets run from CHAMBER DIRECTOR Led by Captain Jim Stoddard, . Shop, Hilpert Pet-Garden Supabove-$100,000 into the millions. The ladies held their own. the airmen (and ane attractive . ply, Success Cafe, The Nugget, . Deer Creek Inn, The Bottle Shop. this week at the Chamber of. lady lieutenant) asked the coun. LOUISE RANKIN Commerce as President “Dutch”} cil for permission to do some . . Melton announced the appoint-. much needed building at the airaccording Emma Graham, a native of . Go Ahead Given New : Pelton noted that the wheel gained speed. Thus, . ment as a member of the board . port. Blue Tent, died early Wednesday to the Stanford savant, a great idea was born. The Council agreed with them Small Fry Railroad . of directors Louis Rankin to suc-. morning at the Sutter hospital while ceed Rubye Paulos, who re-/. but pointed out that the present Construction of the miniature in Sacramento. A graduate of the Other chroniclers claimed Pelton discovered. the principal jlease is held by one William ; f signed. experimenting with a wheel near his Camptonville shop. Mrs. Rankin is .president. of . Swain, who has left the communhave us beThere is still another fanciful tale. which would :and. ity. Before any construction can lieve that the splitter principal was born when Lester Pelton. was . the Nevada City Business done, that lease must be satchasing a stray cow from his landlandy’s cabbage patch. As thé cow Professional Womens’ club and. be railroad at Pioneer Park, Nevada City, will be resumed,. the Nevada City High School, she spent most of her 68 years in this Monday. city. She was a 50 year member Possibly it will be in operation of the Methodist Church here. City Council agreed NEVADA CITY'S FIRST APPRECIATION DAY IS TUESDAY (Continued on Page 4) . an ardent Nevada City booster. ‘ isfactorily settled. some time this summer. Bg