May 1, 1963 (8 pages)

Report No. 109 of the 88th Congress, lst Ses.Wednesday May 1, 1963.Ne er <a E, Heller, Publisher--R. Dean Thompson, Editor-Manager postage paid at Nevada City, Calif. Adjudicated a newspaper of general circulation by the Nevada County iperior Court, June 3, 1960 Decree No. 12,406. Printed by s Allert Litho, Nevada City. 2s —— SMALI. WORLD bbe ol en ee! PUA As! wiht + (Teneo! Pad-A,t sy eoee RS PRR EDITORIAL Wilderness Bill--Why It Passed Senate Why did the U.S. Senate pass the WildernessAct, S.4, by the large margin of 73-12 on April9? Part of the answer may lie in a straightforeward report which formed the basis of the Interior Committee's "do pass" recommendation to the full Senate. The Wilderness Act is now pending in the House of Representatives. The Wilderness Act, the report explains, "establishes a National Wilderness Preservation System composed of areas already set aside in national park system. units, national forests, and game and wildlife tfefuges for special uses compatible with wilderness preservation." "As parts of the Wilderness System," the Senate report says, "these areas would be preserved intheir primitive condition, as nearly as possible devoid of the works of man, unless Congress or the President of the United States determines that other use of some portion is in great public interest." "No cost is involved," the committee report points out, "since all the areas are federal lands, all areas are to continue to be administered by the agency presently incontrol of them, and nonew bureau or agency is involved." The report explains further: : "There are simply prescribed, by statute, standards and criteria for the management of the areas placed in the Wilderness System to assure their protection as natural sites for the cultural, inspirational, recreational, and scientific values which-:only such areas can provide." "The Wilderness Preservation System, " the Senate Interior Committee's report says further, “can be established without affecting the economic arrangements of communities, counties, States, or business enterprises, since the areas are already withdrawn, or because existing private rights and established uses are permittedtocontinue. There willbe no withdrawal of lands from the tax base: of counties or communitiés; no withdrawal of timberlands on which lumbering operations depend; nor any withdrawal of present grazing or mining rights." "The values of wilderness," the report states, “become progressively more important as time elapses and population occupies other land areas and presses towardthe remaining wildermis ‘@ : Wilderness values are listed as "recreational, scenic, scientific, educational, historical, and cultural." The report, dated April 3, 1963, is Senate sion, entitled "Establishinga National Wilderness Preservation System, for the Permanent Good of the Whole People, and For Other Purposes.". s 2 ption rates: One year, $4; Two years, $6; Three years,’ $8. . . To The Editor: (Copy of a lettertoNevada County Supervisors) o Gentlemen: Iam sure that you must be concerned and wondering as to why the Malakoff project was removed from the acquisition program currently being considered by the Legislature, particularly after our obvious interest and enthusiasm for the project. The Department of Finance, upon examination of our program, felt that we had been overly optimistic in ourestimates for the program and directed us to reduce it by $4, 000,000, As the Governor was on the verge of submitting the program tothe Legislature, a decision was urgently required, and wehadno recourse but tocut projects which, in our best judgment, would be harmed the least bysome delay. In our judgment, the Malakoff project was in this situation. I assure you that we have the highest regard for the qualities and potential of the Malakoff project, andthat we will continue our detailed studies of the area THIS REALLY EWE ME STATUS . N 4 \\ HN AGE GRouP // (oe) JUST THINK. tt L 4 4000 Pounos OF METAL CE)NEVADA COUPTY WUGGET HURTL/NG AROUND TIGHT CORNERS> NN and will obtain funds to support it as rapidly as possible from any source that is available to us. I wish to thank the Board and the Planning Commission for its interest and cooperation in developing this project. It is not often that we enjoy such complete and wholehearted support. This support made the decision to eliminate the project from this program allthe more difficult. It is my sincere hope that we will be able to obtain funds for this outstanding project in the very near future. Sincerely, Edward F. Doider Chief; Division of Beaches and Parks, Sacramento Dear Editor: The constructive way in which your paper has handled news items with the respect to school problems is much appreciated. It is our hope that you will publish this letter in the “Letters to the Editor”. The members of the Governing Board and I wish to express our sincere appreciation to the Citiig a apn Lace RS STL APPS? REP Se me — epee HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL T WAS ANOLD MAN OF 47! Oe ie: 7/WHAT A WEAT 70y . Neu ZA QNELLLetters To The Editor zens Committee for Better Education, the Parent Teachers Association, and all those other individuals and organizations whose untiring efforts made possible the passage of the Nevada City tax rate measure on Tuesday's ballot. It is very gratifying to find parents and others sufficiently concerned about the needs of our schools to put forth the effort required to put over an issue of this kind. It would be impossible to thank each individual involved by means of a personal letter, and there is always the danger of omitting someone unintentionally and unwittingly. We would therefore like to take this means of expressing our hearty thanks for a job well done to everyone concerned, including the voter. We pledge ourselves to continue working for the high educational standard of the Nevada City schools, Sincerely, W. Edward Browning Superintendent and Executive Secretary Nevada City Governing Board Nevada City School District By Helen M, Robinson, William S. Gray Research Professor of Reading, University of Chicago (Fifth in-a series prepared by the National Education Association. ) ++ ++ + A variety of difficulties may contribute to reading problems, because learning to read is such acomplicated process. Anything that diverts a child's attention ftom the learning task may result in failure to make progress. In fact, few children learn to read without running into snags that slow them down for a while. But the child who cannot solve temporary problems when he comes ,. tothem soon gets further and further behind his classmates. More important, his reading difficulties affect his learning in other areas of school, and this finally causes failure in subjects which depend on his ability to read. For a mere $4.00 per .less than 8 cents per You can enjoy the Nugget EVERY WEEK year copy wore ee eee ee Hee eH 7 . ' NEVADA COUNTY NUGGET ' j _ ‘The Paper With The Pictures : ; me . ; ‘$4 one year $6 twe years $8 three years j ' (circle one) ' { Name ( 1 Address "Mail to NEVADA COUNTY NUGGET \ P.O. Box 612, Nevada City, Calif. , —_—Peewenrer were oe ew =e oe = =: 1 Problems—Cause and Cure Most studies of children with reading problems agree that causes seldom appear singly, so it is necessary to observe, and examine the childto find out which combination of causes is interfering with his progress, Some children do not learn to read because their rate of intellectual growth is slower than that of the average child. But the majority of children with reading problems have average intelligence and some have superior learning ability. Some physical factors interfere with reading progress. The Child who is unable to see the print clearly, for example, has trouble from the beginning. He may get a blurred image of words, or each eye may get a slightly different image. For him, the same word looks different at different times. Hearing losses or inability to hear differences in sounds of words cause some reading problems. Studies have also shown that inability to hear likenesses and differences in sounds within words interferes with the development of clear speech, and this in turn may cause confusion and insecurityinlearning torecognize words, Children whose parents use a language other than English or speak in incomplete sentences may require a longer time to get started in reading. When they lag behind their classmates, they may become discouraged. Family attitudes toward reading can interfere with learning to read. Some homes place such a high value on reading that the child becomes too afraid and tense to learn. Other homes regard reading as so unimportant that the child has no interest in learning to read. Any prolongéd home problem or €xC 88 pressure causes emotional reactions which divert the child's energies from learning he can. If he wants to read to and contribute to difficulty in reading. This, in turn, causes frustration and intensifies any emotional problems already present. This is why so many children with serious reading difficulties show symptoms of emotional disturbance. Some reading problems result from the teacher's failure to adjust instruction to meet the child's needs. Inexperienced teachers in overcrowded classrooms which lack proper facilities are unable tohelp eliminate temporary problems in reading. Since many different combinations of factors may cause reading xoblems, a number of different procedures may be needed to overcome the difficulties, As a parent, you can help if you Understand that learning to read is hard work for some children--it does not come as naturally as walking and talking. Talk with your child's teacher and other school personnel to find out how_all can work together to help the child. Follow any suggestions the school offers for special examinations of vision, hearing, or other physical factors and get proper corrections made. Listen to your child as he describes his worries about reading, . and be both genuinely sympathetic and encouraging. Stress his assets and avoid comparing him unfavorably with brothers and sisters or classmates. Provide books about topics in which your child has a genuine interest. Read aloud to your child and encourage him to read anything you, givehim your attention and help him without drill or scolding. The books he can read may soon be replaced by better ones by Alfred Heller Rew LI Finally we have caught a glimpse of spring, and soon some of us will be out planting our vegetable gardens. California is a land of temperate climate and good soil, and for that reason we plant . our gardens--and for that reason agriculture is the state's number one industry. What happens to California agriculture is a matter b of world-wide significance. Not surprisingly, therefore, the University of California at Davis is conducting this week a major conference on "food for man in the future. " In preparing forthe Conference, the Davis faculty has produced a provocative and fact-filled pamphlet, entitled "Forces of Change in California Agriculture." Segments of this pamphlet will form the basis for this column this week and the next few weeks. I PEOPLE vs, LIMITED LAND AND WATER California is changing rapidly from a farm state to an urban, industrial state. Yet agriculture, traditionally California's biggest industry, is growing even bigger. a This paradoxical situation can only result in more change. The outcome is uncertain, but we can see and at least partially measure the forces behind the change. ‘ Ifthere is no catastrophic war or depression, California's future in agriculture will be largely shaped’by three measurable forces: natural resources, people and technology. A central fact about these forces is that one of them--resources, mainly land and water-~is limited, while the other two--people and technology --are not. A less tangible but no less important factor is public policy. In one sense, public policy may be more significant than the other forces because it can be shaped to fit our needs. ‘ Naturalresources, people and technology influence agriculture in various ways, Sometime during the next generation or two, ' California's land and water resources may be developed to a point approaching the ultimate with foreseeable methods of growing crops, Economists estimate that for the next dozen years or so, at least, the state's farmers and processing firms can meet the grow. ing demand. on them for food and other commodities. But even‘tually an unlimited force, people, may overwhelm agriculture in the struggle for California's limited land and water. The chief means of preventing or postponing this crisis will be technology, ranging from minor increases in crop yield to spectacular feats such as economic conversion of.sea water. . (To be continued.) CALLING MARQUIS CHILDS WASHINGTON ---With the renewed outbreak of conflict in Laos and the ever-deeper involvement of the more than 12,000 American military forces in South Vietnam, an old and troublesome question has arisen anew. In the huge task of order-keeping thrust on this nation at the end of World War II the problem has been to try to strike a balance between the military and the uses of diplomacy and negotiation-in short, between the simple way of force and the political skills of persuasion, propaganda and the acceptance of reasonable compromise in the face of the inescapable realities. . There are those in government today greatly concerned that the military solution in Vietnam has overridden all political considerations. When doubts are raised about the dictatorial regime in Saigon of Ngo Dinh Diem and whether it can ever gain enough popular acceptance to form a stable government, the impatient answ er is that we must win first and then such political matters can be discussed, But in the Far East today is a tragic example of how limited are the gains that can come from even all-out use of force. This is underscored by a forthcoming anniversary. The example is, of course, South Korea, The Korean War that came to an end with an_armistice in July, 1953, cost 157,530 A merican casualties, including 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 deaths from other causes, South Korea appears a decade afterthe armistice to be no nearer to becoming a self-sufficient country. Unemployment and poverty are widespread, with the unemployed estimated as high as 10 percent of the total population of 26,000,000. In the decade the United States has put in more than $4 billion of military and economic aid, the preponderance being on the economic side, Aad there have never been fewer than 55,000 American troops stationed in the country. As was widely acknowledged when the Communists invaded North Korea, the United States had no ch®iée but to rally the United Nations and furnish with desperate improvisation the sinews of the defense. If this had not happened much of Asia, including Japan, might have been written off. When this is said, however, it is nonetheless important to examine the balance between military and political factors in the prosecution of that war and the uneasy peace that followed. While no one would suggest an exact parallel with Vietnam, the example is instructive. By the late summer of 1950 the heroic effort of the United Nations force-mostly United States forces-had pushed the Communists back to the 38th parallel. The hope appeared of negotiating a peace with the country divided on that line. If only because the military operation had become so massive and public opinion so aroused, political and diplomatic considerations were lost sight of, : With the brilliant landing at Inchon the military was dominant. The drive to the northern border of Korea on the Yalu River got under way. The catastrophe that followed, with the massive intervention of the Communist Chinese, is a tragic page.Nearly two-thirds of all American casualties occurred after the Inchon landing. When the Eisenhower Administration finally signed an armistice-ending “Truman's war" in Korea, which had been a Republican slogan-the dividing line was the 38th parallel. Both in the decision to go-to the Yalu and in the turbulent years after the peace the United States was involved with stubborn old SyngmanRhee, a Korean patriot who had lived most of his life in exile, He made extraordinarydemands on Washington and as he became a darling of the China lobby those demands were met despite persistent rumors of the rampant graft in his regime. Three years ago Rhee and his wife fled the country just ahead of an angty mob and many of his collaborators were executed or jailed for thievery and other crimes. South Korea today is ruled by a military dictatorship headed by Gen, Chung Hee Park. Washington has been prodding him to restore the forms of self-government. Recently he has taken a conciliatory attitude. Economic aid is continuing atthe rate of about $215,000,000 annually and last year military aid totaled $281, 000,000. With all the misery and poverty that exist, the Korean birth rate is one of the highest in the world. Perhaps any political negotiation in Vietnam is impossible. The renewed conflict in Laos may prove that no-political solution can endure, It may be that Ngo Dinh Diem is the only leader the United States can support with any hope of overcoming the Communist guerrillas. But before all political-diplomatic factors are ruled out it might be well to take a long,hard look at the Korean as he develops ability and selfconfidence. : example, (Copyright 1963) : WASHINGTO 4

Report No. 109 of the 88th Congress, lst Ses..Wednesday May 1, 1963..Ne er <a E, Heller, Publisher--R. Dean Thompson, Editor-Manager postage paid at Nevada City, Calif. Adjudicated a newspaper of general circulation by the Nevada County iperior Court, June 3, 1960 Decree No. 12,406. Printed by s Allert Litho, Nevada City. 2s —— SMALI. WORLD bbe ol en ee! PUA As! wiht + (Teneo! Pad-A,t sy eoee RS PRR EDITORIAL Wilderness Bill--Why It Passed Senate Why did the U.S. Senate pass the WildernessAct, S.4, by the large margin of 73-12 on April9? Part of the answer may lie in a straightforeward report which formed the basis of the Interior Committee's "do pass" recommendation to the full Senate. The Wilderness Act is now pending in the House of Representatives. The Wilderness Act, the report explains, "establishes a National Wilderness Preservation System composed of areas already set aside in national park system. units, national forests, and game and wildlife tfefuges for special uses compatible with wilderness preservation." "As parts of the Wilderness System," the Senate report says, "these areas would be preserved intheir primitive condition, as nearly as possible devoid of the works of man, unless Congress or the President of the United States determines that other use of some portion is in great public interest." "No cost is involved," the committee report points out, "since all the areas are federal lands, all areas are to continue to be administered by the agency presently incontrol of them, and nonew bureau or agency is involved." The report explains further: : "There are simply prescribed, by statute, standards and criteria for the management of the areas placed in the Wilderness System to assure their protection as natural sites for the cultural, inspirational, recreational, and scientific values which-:only such areas can provide." "The Wilderness Preservation System, " the Senate Interior Committee's report says further, “can be established without affecting the economic arrangements of communities, counties, States, or business enterprises, since the areas are already withdrawn, or because existing private rights and established uses are permittedtocontinue. There willbe no withdrawal of lands from the tax base: of counties or communitiés; no withdrawal of timberlands on which lumbering operations depend; nor any withdrawal of present grazing or mining rights." "The values of wilderness," the report states, “become progressively more important as time elapses and population occupies other land areas and presses towardthe remaining wildermis ‘@ : Wilderness values are listed as "recreational, scenic, scientific, educational, historical, and cultural." The report, dated April 3, 1963, is Senate sion, entitled "Establishinga National Wilderness Preservation System, for the Permanent Good of the Whole People, and For Other Purposes.". s 2 ption rates: One year, $4; Two years, $6; Three years,’ $8. . . To The Editor: (Copy of a lettertoNevada County Supervisors) o Gentlemen: Iam sure that you must be concerned and wondering as to why the Malakoff project was removed from the acquisition program currently being considered by the Legislature, particularly after our obvious interest and enthusiasm for the project. The Department of Finance, upon examination of our program, felt that we had been overly optimistic in ourestimates for the program and directed us to reduce it by $4, 000,000, As the Governor was on the verge of submitting the program tothe Legislature, a decision was urgently required, and wehadno recourse but tocut projects which, in our best judgment, would be harmed the least bysome delay. In our judgment, the Malakoff project was in this situation. I assure you that we have the highest regard for the qualities and potential of the Malakoff project, andthat we will continue our detailed studies of the area THIS REALLY EWE ME STATUS . N 4 \\ HN AGE GRouP // (oe) JUST THINK.. tt L 4 4000 Pounos OF METAL CE)NEVADA COUPTY WUGGET HURTL/NG AROUND TIGHT CORNERS> NN and will obtain funds to support it as rapidly as possible from any source that is available to us. I wish to thank the Board and the Planning Commission for its interest and cooperation in developing this project. It is not often that we enjoy such complete and wholehearted support. This support made the decision to eliminate the project from this program allthe more difficult. It is my sincere hope that we will be able to obtain funds for this outstanding project in the very near future. Sincerely, Edward F. Doider Chief; Division of Beaches and Parks, Sacramento Dear Editor: The constructive way in which your paper has handled news items with the respect to school problems is much appreciated. It is our hope that you will publish this letter in the “Letters to the Editor”. The members of the Governing Board and I wish to express our sincere appreciation to the Citiig a apn Lace RS STL APPS? REP Se me — epee HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL T WAS ANOLD MAN OF 47! Oe ie: 7/WHAT A WEAT 70y . Neu ZA QNELLLetters To The Editor zens Committee for Better Education, the Parent Teachers Association, and all those other individuals and organizations whose untiring efforts made possible the passage of the Nevada City tax rate measure on Tuesday's ballot. It is very gratifying to find parents and others sufficiently concerned about the needs of our schools to put forth the effort required to put over an issue of this kind. It would be impossible to thank each individual involved by means of a personal letter, and there is always the danger of omitting someone unintentionally and unwittingly. We would therefore like to take this means of expressing our hearty thanks for a job well done to everyone concerned, including the voter. We pledge ourselves to continue working for the high educational standard of the Nevada City schools, Sincerely, W. Edward Browning Superintendent and Executive Secretary Nevada City Governing Board Nevada City School District By Helen M, Robinson, William S. Gray Research Professor of Reading, University of Chicago (Fifth in-a series prepared by the National Education Association. ) ++ ++ + A variety of difficulties may contribute to reading problems, because learning to read is such acomplicated process. Anything that diverts a child's attention ftom the learning task may result in failure to make progress. In fact, few children learn to read without running into snags that slow them down for a while. But the child who cannot solve temporary problems when he comes ,. tothem soon gets further and further behind his classmates. More important, his reading difficulties affect his learning in other areas of school, and this finally causes failure in subjects which depend on his ability to read. For a mere $4.00 per ..less than 8 cents per You can enjoy the Nugget EVERY WEEK year copy wore ee eee ee Hee eH 7 . ' NEVADA COUNTY NUGGET ' j _ ‘The Paper With The Pictures : ; me . ; ‘$4 one year $6 twe years $8 three years j ' (circle one) '

{ Name ( 1 Address "Mail to NEVADA COUNTY NUGGET \ P.O. Box 612, Nevada City, Calif. , —_—Peewenrer were oe ew =e oe = =: 1 Problems—Cause and Cure Most studies of children with reading problems agree that causes seldom appear singly, so it is necessary to observe, and examine the childto find out which combination of causes is interfering with his progress, Some children do not learn to read because their rate of intellectual growth is slower than that of the average child. But the majority of children with reading problems have average intelligence and some have superior learning ability. Some physical factors interfere with reading progress. The Child who is unable to see the print clearly, for example, has trouble from the beginning. He may get a blurred image of words, or each eye may get a slightly different image. For him, the same word looks different at different times. Hearing losses or inability to hear differences in sounds of words cause some reading problems. Studies have also shown that inability to hear likenesses and differences in sounds within words interferes with the development of clear speech, and this in turn may cause confusion and insecurityinlearning torecognize words, Children whose parents use a language other than English or speak in incomplete sentences may require a longer time to get started in reading. When they lag behind their classmates, they may become discouraged. Family attitudes toward reading can interfere with learning to read. Some homes place such a high value on reading that the child becomes too afraid and tense to learn. Other homes regard reading as so unimportant that the child has no interest in learning to read. Any prolongéd home problem or €xC 88 pressure causes emotional reactions which divert the child's energies from learning he can. If he wants to read to and contribute to difficulty in reading. This, in turn, causes frustration and intensifies any emotional problems already present. This is why so many children with serious reading difficulties show symptoms of emotional disturbance. Some reading problems result from the teacher's failure to adjust instruction to meet the child's needs. Inexperienced teachers in overcrowded classrooms which lack proper facilities are unable tohelp eliminate temporary problems in reading. Since many different combinations of factors may cause reading xoblems, a number of different procedures may be needed to overcome the difficulties, As a parent, you can help if you Understand that learning to read is hard work for some children--it does not come as naturally as walking and talking. Talk with your child's teacher and other school personnel to find out how_all can work together to help the child. Follow any suggestions the school offers for special examinations of vision, hearing, or other physical factors and get proper corrections made. Listen to your child as he describes his worries about reading, . and be both genuinely sympathetic and encouraging. Stress his assets and avoid comparing him unfavorably with brothers and sisters or classmates. Provide books about topics in which your child has a genuine interest. Read aloud to your child and encourage him to read anything you, givehim your attention and help him without drill or scolding. The books he can read may soon be replaced by better ones by Alfred Heller Rew LI Finally we have caught a glimpse of spring, and soon some of us will be out planting our vegetable gardens. California is a land of temperate climate and good soil, and for that reason we plant . our gardens--and for that reason agriculture is the state's number one industry. What happens to California agriculture is a matter b of world-wide significance. Not surprisingly, therefore, the University of California at Davis is conducting this week a major conference on "food for man in the future. " In preparing forthe Conference, the Davis faculty has produced a provocative and fact-filled pamphlet, entitled "Forces of Change in California Agriculture." Segments of this pamphlet will form the basis for this column this week and the next few weeks. I PEOPLE vs, LIMITED LAND AND WATER California is changing rapidly from a farm state to an urban, industrial state. Yet agriculture, traditionally California's biggest industry, is growing even bigger. a This paradoxical situation can only result in more change. The outcome is uncertain, but we can see and at least partially measure the forces behind the change. ‘ Ifthere is no catastrophic war or depression, California's future in agriculture will be largely shaped’by three measurable forces: natural resources, people and technology. A central fact about these forces is that one of them--resources, mainly land and water-~is limited, while the other two--people and technology --are not. A less tangible but no less important factor is public policy. In one sense, public policy may be more significant than the other forces because it can be shaped to fit our needs. ‘ Naturalresources, people and technology influence agriculture in various ways, Sometime during the next generation or two, ' California's land and water resources may be developed to a point approaching the ultimate with foreseeable methods of growing crops, Economists estimate that for the next dozen years or so, at least, the state's farmers and processing firms can meet the grow. ing demand. on them for food and other commodities. But even‘tually an unlimited force, people, may overwhelm agriculture in the struggle for California's limited land and water. The chief means of preventing or postponing this crisis will be technology, ranging from minor increases in crop yield to spectacular feats such as economic conversion of.sea water. . (To be continued.) CALLING MARQUIS CHILDS WASHINGTON ---With the renewed outbreak of conflict in Laos and the ever-deeper involvement of the more than 12,000 American military forces in South Vietnam, an old and troublesome question has arisen anew. In the huge task of order-keeping thrust on this nation at the end of World War II the problem has been to try to strike a balance between the military and the uses of diplomacy and negotiation-in short, between the simple way of force and the political skills of persuasion, propaganda and the acceptance of reasonable compromise in the face of the inescapable realities. . There are those in government today greatly concerned that the military solution in Vietnam has overridden all political considerations. When doubts are raised about the dictatorial regime in Saigon of Ngo Dinh Diem and whether it can ever gain enough popular acceptance to form a stable government, the impatient answ er is that we must win first and then such political matters can be discussed, But in the Far East today is a tragic example of how limited are the gains that can come from even all-out use of force. This is underscored by a forthcoming anniversary. The example is, of course, South Korea, The Korean War that came to an end with an_armistice in July, 1953, cost 157,530 A merican casualties, including 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 deaths from other causes, South Korea appears a decade afterthe armistice to be no nearer to becoming a self-sufficient country. Unemployment and poverty are widespread, with the unemployed estimated as high as 10 percent of the total population of 26,000,000. In the decade the United States has put in more than $4 billion of military and economic aid, the preponderance being on the economic side, Aad there have never been fewer than 55,000 American troops stationed in the country. As was widely acknowledged when the Communists invaded North Korea, the United States had no ch®iée but to rally the United Nations and furnish with desperate improvisation the sinews of the defense. If this had not happened much of Asia, including Japan, might have been written off. When this is said, however, it is nonetheless important to examine the balance between military and political factors in the prosecution of that war and the uneasy peace that followed. While no one would suggest an exact parallel with Vietnam, the example is instructive. By the late summer of 1950 the heroic effort of the United Nations force-mostly United States forces-had pushed the Communists back to the 38th parallel. The hope appeared of negotiating a peace with the country divided on that line. If only because the military operation had become so massive and public opinion so aroused, political and diplomatic considerations were lost sight of, : With the brilliant landing at Inchon the military was dominant. The drive to the northern border of Korea on the Yalu River got under way. The catastrophe that followed, with the massive intervention of the Communist Chinese, is a tragic page.Nearly two-thirds of all American casualties occurred after the Inchon landing. When the Eisenhower Administration finally signed an armistice-ending “Truman's war" in Korea, which had been a Republican slogan-the dividing line was the 38th parallel. Both in the decision to go-to the Yalu and in the turbulent years after the peace the United States was involved with stubborn old SyngmanRhee, a Korean patriot who had lived most of his life in exile, He made extraordinarydemands on Washington and as he became a darling of the China lobby those demands were met despite persistent rumors of the rampant graft in his regime. Three years ago Rhee and his wife fled the country just ahead of an angty mob and many of his collaborators were executed or jailed for thievery and other crimes. South Korea today is ruled by a military dictatorship headed by Gen, Chung Hee Park. Washington has been prodding him to restore the forms of self-government. Recently he has taken a conciliatory attitude. Economic aid is continuing atthe rate of about $215,000,000 annually and last year military aid totaled $281, 000,000. With all the misery and poverty that exist, the Korean birth rate is one of the highest in the world. Perhaps any political negotiation in Vietnam is impossible. The renewed conflict in Laos may prove that no-political solution can endure, It may be that Ngo Dinh Diem is the only leader the United States can support with any hope of overcoming the Communist guerrillas. But before all political-diplomatic factors are ruled out it might be well to take a long,hard look at the Korean as he develops ability and selfconfidence. : example, (Copyright 1963) : WASHINGTO 4