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A Case Study of a Northern California Indian Tribe - Cultural Change to 1860 (1977) (109 pages)
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Page: of 109
THE TREATY PERIOD: PROCESS
Nisenan-immigrant conflicts in the California gold district increased in
the early 1850's until the Federal Government implemented an Indian conciliatory
policy. Implicit in the Camp Union and Cosumnes River Treaties, two of the
eighteen treaties of peace signed by California Indians with the Federal Government
between 1851 and 1852, some Nisenan tribes were to be relocated on reserves and
made into yeoman farmers, an asset instead of a liability to the immigrants' economy.
They were promised food, clothing, housing and land private from the encroachment
of immigrant settlers as incentives to relocation. However, these promises could
not be fulfilled until the treaties of 1851-1852 were ratified by the Congress of
the United States.
In the fall of 1850, the Federal Government appointed Redick Mckee,
G. W. Barbour and Dr. 0. M. Wozencraft to conciliate California Indians living in
the gold districts. 149 The agents appealed to California immigrants to pursue a
conduct marked by "mildness, moderation and forbearance" towards Indians until they
could investigate and redress their grievances. They also discussed the causes of
stressed Indian-immigrant relations in the gold district.
Since the 49er inundation, we are informed that the Indian
has been treated as an intruder, a common enemy of all whites,
and shot down with as little compunction as a deer or antelope.re We have driven him up the wall and abused and outraged the con‘oe fidence and friendship of these trusting souls. There is no
further west to which they can be removed. The Federal Government and the people of California have left only one alternative
in their Indian policy, extermination or domestication. And
since domestication includes their protection and gradual improvements, and secures for California cheap Indian labor needed
to develop its resources it is this plan which we will endorse.
The only preventive to continued white-Indian hostility seems
to be their restoration to unoccupied portions of the valley,
with allowances of beef and blankets, as compensation for encroachments upon their hunting ranges and for keeping them
contented and under control. It is cheaper to feed the Indian
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